Anatomy
How many segments are in the right lung?
3 (upper, middle, lower)
Lecture 28, slide 13, Learning Objective 0409
What week does surfactant start forming in a fetus?
Week 20
Surfactant levels gradually increase from them until 2 weeks before birth
Lecture 27, Slide 19, Learning Objective 0460
Which organ in the lymphatic system does not have afferent lymphatics?
The thymus
(It does have efferent lymphatics though)
Lecture 25, Slide 24, Learning Objective 0445
Are the terminal bronchioles in the conducting zone or the respiratory zone?
The conducting zone
Lecture 25, Slide 39, Learning Objective not listed bc its a summary page
As pH decreases, what happens to hemoglobin O2 affinity?
It decreases - this is the Bohr Effect
At reduced pH (more H+ ions), there will be more charges on hemoglobin which allows for formation of more interactions & increased stabilization of the taut state. This also results in a right-ward shift in the curve
Lecture 32, Slide 20-21, Learning Objective 0295
What nerve is responsible for sympathetic innervation of the lung?
Cardiopulmonary nerves
- Bronchodilation (B receptors)
- Vasoconstriction
Lecture 28, slide 39, Learning Objective 0511
What embryological defect is characterized by obstruction/blockage/abnormal closure of a passage?
(aka failure of recanalization of the lumen)
Atresia
Lecture 25, Slide 12, Learning Objective 0469
Are tonsils associated with GALT, MALT, or BALT? (Bonus points if you know what those stand for)
GALT - tonsils are part of gut-associated lymphoid tissue
Lecture 26, Slide 21, Learning Objective 0455
What type of lung cancer is often associated with a central mass, keratin pearl lesions, and smoking?
Small cell lung carcinoma
Lecture 29, Slide 38, Learning Objective 0473
**DAILY DOUBLE**
How many bonds can a ferrous ion form?
- 4 bonds form to N atoms in the porphyrin ring
- 1 bond links to an AA of the globin protein
- 1 bond is free to reversibly bind oxygen
Also note ferrous = Fe+2, ferric = Fe+3
Lecture 32, Slide 7, Learning Objective 0285
Lecture 28, slide 18, Learning Objective 0606
What respiratory problem includes insufficient amounts of amniotic fluid that can lead to delayed development of the lungs? aka pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydramnios
Lecture 25, Slide 22, Learning Objective 0462
Describe the type of circulation that exists in humans beings.
i.e Open, Closed, Other
versus closed circulation where terminal capillaries continue into venules --> pulp veins
Lecture 26, Slide 15, Learning Objective 0451
What are the two types of cartilage that make up the larynx?
Hyaline and elastic cartilage
Lecture 29, Slide 12, Learning Objective 0468
How is hydroxyurea used for the treatment of HbS?
Hydroxyurea inhibits HbS-polymerization by increasing Hb F levels
The mixed hybrid is less likely to polymerize than HbS
Lecture 32, Slide 14, Learning Objective 0184
What part of a lymph node contains an abundance of B lymphocytes?
The outer cortex
If you said cortex only it's wrong because the inner cortex has an abundance of T lymphocytes!
Lecture 25, Slide 32, Learning Objective 0447
What folding/partition separates the pericardial and abdominal cavities from each other?
The septum transversum
Lecture 25, Slide 26, Learning Objective 0465
What cells of the lymphatic nodule are the most efficient APCs?
Dendritic follicular cells
Not to be confused with follicular dendritic cells which are different
Lecture 25, Slide 21, Learning Objective 0443
**DAILY DOUBLE**
Name the epithelial cell type found in the Olfactory Region of the nasal cavity.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Lecture 29, Slide 9, Learning Objective 0464
What is the most severe form of alpha-thalssemia, and what is the cause?
Hemoglobin Bart hydrops fetalis (Hb Bart) syndrome
An absence of alpha-globin chains leads to an aggregation of gamma (y) tetramers. There's no detectable HbF or HbA and its not compatible with life.
Lecture 33, Slide 24, Learning Objective 0189
Red pulp - Contains cord of cells (cords of Billroth) and sinusoids
White pulp - Contains thick accumulation of lymphocytes & lymphatic nodules
Lecture 26, Slide 11, Learning Objective 0450
What type of hernia is caused by a posterolateral defect of the pleuroperitoneal membrane?
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Lecture 27, Slide 31, Learning Objective 0466
Explain the pathway of lymphatic drainage, in order, starting with the intrapulmonary vessels/nodes and ending with the systemic venous system.
(Hint: There are 7 steps! And they are very important for the step 1 and also for your life!!)
1. Intrapulmonary vessels/nodes --->
2. Bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes --->
3. Tracheobronchial nodes --->
4. Paratracheal nodes --->
5. Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk --->
6. R Thoracic Trunk/Thoracic Duct --->
7. Systemic Venous System
Lecture 28, Slide 36, Learning Objective 0509
What cell type is affected during primary ciliary dyskinesia in Karteneger's Syndrome?
Ciliated columnar respiratory epithelial cells
Lecture 29, Slide 19, Learning Objectives 0478
Name one of the drugs we learned that decrease fetal globin (y) expression
&
hydroxyurea, butyrate compounds --> inhibit histone deacetylation
Lecture 39, Slide 13, Learning Objective 0184