Anatomy
The names of the paranasal sinuses
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
Two functions of the paranasal sinuses? (any two).
Any two of these
Humidify air by creating turbulent airflow
Vocal resonance
Decrease the weight of the bone/ skull
Insulate especially against rapid temperature change
Distribute impact forces/ act as a buffer
One of the bones that makes up the roof of the nasal cavity
One of these
- Nasal bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Sphenoid bone
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The three major shunts found in a developing human.
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Represents the A-a gradient
This gradient represents the difference between the oxygen dissolved in the pulmonary arteries and the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus. An increased A-a gradient indicates a problem with diffusion. (Normal is 5-15 mmHg).
Innervation of mucous glands of larger airways
Vagus nerve
Defining histological feature of a nasal polyp resulting from chronic allergic rhinitis.
2 bones that make up the nasal septum
Ethmoid and vomer bones
Where surfactant synthesis occurs specifically in type II pneumocytes.
Lamellar bodies. This eventually secretes into the alveoli airspace through exocytosis, changing structure into a tubular myelin meshwork.
Two separate layers of mucus.
Gel layer (mucus layer)
Sol layer (periciliary layer PCL)
The major histological finding of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
This will always have keratin between the cells and often forms keratin pearls which are layers of keratin.
The distal outflow tract in a developing heart. (outflow from the primitive continuous left and right ventricle).
Truncus arteriosus, which eventually becomes the aorta and pulmonary trunk).
The afferent and efferent limbs of the cough reflex
Afferent limb - innervated by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (branch of the vagus nerve). Innervates the larynx above the vocal cords. Irritants stimulate the mucosal membranes of the pharynx and laryngeal inlet, this message is sent to the medulla.
Efferent limb - innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This innervates the majority of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and stimulates these muscles to carry out the cough reflex.
Mechanism of action of alpha-1 adrenoreceptor agonists (like oxymetazoline and phenylephrine) as a nasal decongestant.
Stimulate vasoconstriction of VSMC, which decreases arteriole blood flow to nasal mucosa (turbinates). The decreased blood flow causes a decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure, which causes less edema, and less turbinate engorgement, and less airway resistance.
When alveolar macrophages try to digest carbon, but they cannot degrade it. The macrophages accumulate carbon and appear large and black on histology. This is a potential occupational complication for coal mine workers.
The only external intrinsic laryngeal muscle and its innervation.
Cricothyroid, is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve. This muscle functions to tension the vocal ligaments.
What does a decreased P(A)O2 but normal A-a gradient indicate? (In broad terms, not a specific disease).
Some kind of pump problem (hypoventilation)
A patient feels pain around/ behind the eyes, on the bridge of the nose, and temporal region, which nerve and specific branches are contributing to this referred pain?
The trigeminal nerve, specifically the ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) branches.
The virus that is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - EBV infection can cause changes in genetic changes in the cells of the nasal mucosa - up to 80% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases results from EBV infection.