Bone Anatomy
How many cranial bones?
*Extra 100 to name all of them
8
*Frontal; Parietal (x2); Temporal (x2); Occipital; Sphenoid; Ethmoid
What 4 cranial bones does the frontal bone articulate with?
*Ethmoid
*Sphenoid
*Right Parietal
*Left Parietal
Smooth raised prominence between the eyebrows
Glabella
What is the positioning line and degree of CR angle for a PA Axial Caldwell?
*Extra 50: CR angle for "Modified" Caldwell?
OML - 15 deg caudad
*25-30 deg caudad
Which skull X-ray is commonly performed to evaluate skull fractures and neoplastic (tumor-related) processes. The exam is done with a 40-inch SID and a kVp range of 70–85. The patient may be positioned either supine or erect, with the IPL perpendicular to the image receptor or the IOML perpendicular to the floor. The central ray is directed 2 inches superior to the EAM. This projection demonstrates the superimposed parietal bones and important structures of the sella turcica, including the clinoid processes and dorsum sellae. Proper positioning is confirmed when the petrous ridges appear symmetric and superimposed.
Lateral Skull
How many facial bones?
*Extra 200: name all of them
14
*Nasal (x2); Lacrimal (x2); Mandible; Maxilla (x2); Zygoma (x2); Vomer; Palatine (x2); Nasal conchae (x2)
Which cranial bone articulates with the atlas?
*Extra 50: What is the spot where the spinal nerves run through?
Occipital
*Foramen magnum
Anterior landmark that is between the upper lip and nasal septum
Acanthion
What is the positioning line and degree of CR angle for a AP Axial Towne?
OML (or IOML) - 30 deg caudad (37 deg for IOML)
Which facial bones projection is used to evaluate fractures, neoplastic processes, and foreign bodies. The exam is performed with a 40-inch SID and 75–90 kVp. The patient is positioned prone or erect with the neck extended so the chin and nose rest against the IR, while the LML is perpendicular to the IR. The central ray is directed to exit at the acanthion. This view demonstrates the orbital bases and proper positioning is shown when the petrous ridges appear in the lower half of the maxillary sinuses.
Modified Waters Facial Bones
Name the four cranial sutures.
Coronal; Sagittal; Squamosal; Lambdoidal
Name the 5 bones that articulate with the parietal bone
*Parietal *Occipital
*Sphenoid *Frontal
*Temporal
TEA stands for?
*Extra 100: name the important landmark that sits at the level of TEA and which cranial bone it is found in
Top of the Ear Attachment (superior)
*Petrous ridge - Temporal bone
What is the positioning line and degree of CR angle for a PA Waters?
Which sinus projection is used to evaluate inflammatory conditions and sinus polyps. The exam is performed with a 40-inch SID and 75–85 kVp. The patient is positioned prone or erect with the nose resting on the IR, and the OML angled 15° from horizontal (or the IR may be tilted 15°). The central ray is directed to exit at the nasion. This projection best demonstrates the frontal and ethmoid sinuses.
PA Axial Caldwell Sinuses
Ossification of cranial bones is incomplete at birth, the sutures are membrane-covered space are called?
Fontanels
Which cranial bone has 13 articulations?
*Extra 100: Name all of them :)
Ethmoid
*Frontal *Sphenoid
*Nasal bones *Maxilla (2)
*Lacrimal (2) *Palatine (2)
*Vomer
*Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
What do these acronyms stand for?
SOG -
SOM -
IOM -
*Extra 50: what is the difference between SOG and SOM?
SOG - supraorbital groove
SOM - supraorbital margin
IOM - infraorbital margin
*The supraorbital margin is the prominent, bony upper rim of the eye socket (orbit), while the supraorbital notch/foramen (often referred to as a "groove" or hole) is a small, specific opening or notch located on that margin.
What is the positioning line and degree of CR angle for a PA Modified Waters?
No CR angle - LML
Which orbit projection is used to evaluate fractures or abnormal conditions of the orbits. The exam is performed with a 40-inch SID and 75–85 kVp. The patient is positioned prone or erect with the neck extended so the chin and nose rest against the IR for a PA projection. The MML is perpendicular to the IR, and the OML forms a 37° angle with the IR. The central ray is directed to exit at the acanthion. This projection demonstrates the orbital rims clearly.
PA Waters Orbits
Name all 7 bones that form the orbit.
*Extra 50: Name the spot the optic nerve runs through
CRANIAL
*Frontal
*Sphenoid
*Ethmoid
FACIAL
*Maxilla
*Zygoma
*Lacrimal
*Palatine
-Optic foramen
Name the suture structural points and point out where they are on your head :)
Asterion (Behind the ear S&L)
Bregma (anterior end of sagittal)
Lambda (Posterior end)
Pterion (the junction)
Name all the positioning lines of the cranium with correct acronym and proper name :)
There are 7
GML - glabellomeatal line
OML - orbitomeatal line
IOML - infraorbitomeatal line
AML - acanthiomeatal line
MML - mentomeatal line
LML - lips-meatal line
GAL - glabelloalveolar line
What is the positioning line and degree of CR angle and centering point for a Submentovertical (SMV) projection?
No CR angle - IOML - center 1 ½ inch inferior to mandibular symphysis or midway between the gonions
Which skull projection is used to evaluate skull fractures and neoplastic processes. The exam is performed with a 40-inch SID and 75–90 kVp. The patient is positioned supine or erect for an AP projection, with the OML perpendicular to the IR (or the IOML as an alternative). The central ray is angled 30° caudad to the OML or 37° caudad to the IOML, centered at the MSP about 2½ inches above the glabella. This projection demonstrates the occipital bone, petrous pyramids, foramen magnum, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid processes, with proper positioning shown by symmetric petrous ridges.
AP Axial Towne Skull