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You’re Just My Type (of City)!
Place, Race, & Space
The Sprawling Suburbs
Modern Times
100
This model is associated with a coalition of elites who are focused on the exchange value (speculative value) of land and ultimately determine urban growth and development. (Burgess’ concentric zone theory; Urban Growth Machine; Socio-spatial perspective)
What is the Urban Growth Machine?
100
This city provides a good representation of a Commercial city, prominent from 1770-1850.
What is NY, Boston, Philadelphia, or Baltimore?
100
This process allowed banks to deny home loans to members of minority ethnic groups. It also allowed real estate boards to prevent ethnic minorities from buying homes in certain (privileged, white) neighborhoods.
What is redlining?
100
An “edge city” is characterized by these features.
What are: Lack of clear boundaries, unincorporated status, often not appearing on a map?
100
These two continents have the fastest growing urban populations.
What are Africa and Asia?
200
This model describes the changing spatial patterns of residential areas as a process of “invasion” and “succession” resulting in a social structure that extends outwards from the central business district. Members of the working classes live closer to the city center, while members of the upper classes live farther from the city center because they can afford to commute. (Burgess’ concentric zone theory; Political economy theory; Urban Growth Machine; Socio-spatial perspective)
What is Burgess’ concentric zone theory?
200
These economic, political, or social conditions characterize the Commercial city, prominent from 1770-1850.
What are: ECONOMIC: Cities mostly devoted to trade with Britain, centered around a port. Small merchants combined work and family in one place, living above their shops. No regulation on development, paving the way for wealth-building through land speculation and development. POLITICAL: Lack of self-government and a weak city government, resulting from colonial dependency on England. Conflict centered on trade with Britain and was instrumental in fomenting interest in and funding for the Revolutionary War. SOCIAL and SPATIAL: Little social stratification; lack of city walls; focus on individualism rather than communalism.
200
Henri LeFebvre defined these two circuits of capital, and named one as the key to a city’s spatial organization.
What are manufacturing production (primary circuit) and real estate investment (secondary circuit, which influences a city’s spatial organization)?
200
These social and political factors helped promote suburbanization in the mid-1900s.
What are: SOCIAL: Post-war marriage and baby boom; preferences for single family homes on individual lots; increased status associated with living in the suburbs; cheap suburban housing. POLITICAL: Government lending policies for home loans; the federal highway system; commercial development in outer metropolitan areas.
200
The San Joaquin Valley is one of the most economically disadvantaged regions in the US but is considered a metropolitan area. A specific issue results in this problem.
What is: ineligibility to receive federal rural funding. (Even though the SJV is actually mostly rural, the definitions of “rural” and "urban" vary, leading to the SJV's classification as a metropolitan area.)
300
This theory argues that urban development results from economic conditions, political organization, and community responses. (Urban ecology theory; Burgess’ concentric zone theory; Political economy theory; Urban Growth Machine)
What is political economy theory?
300
These economic, political, or social conditions characterize the Industrial city, prominent from 1850-1930.
What are: ECONOMIC: The end of agriculture as a dominant economic activity and rapid development of industrial production methods. POLITICAL: Government policy encouraged two waves of European immigration to fill labor shortages. The state subsidized the development of urban infrastructure (railroads, roads, and canals). SOCIAL: Increased stratification based on class, race, ethnicity, or occupation. Tensions between the North and South culminate in the Civil War. Labor begins to organize in the city, and farmers mount an agrarian revolt against concentrated capital in the countryside.
300
According to Mike Davis, the built environment reinforces modern social separation in these ways.
What are: using architecture to protect the wealthy from low-income and homeless individuals; defending middle class and luxury spaces through use of gated communities and containment of low-income and homeless individuals in heavily policed areas; discouraging use of public space through architectural design?
300
Sprawl has resulted in these consequences.
What are: loss of farmland; disinvestment in older neighborhoods; concentrating poverty in older neighborhoods; increased racial segregation and restricted access to resources (education, employment, etc.); erosion of city tax bases; destruction of downtown commerce?
300
Robert Reich (“The Limping Middle Class”) argues that greater income equality results in these factors.
What are increased national growth, higher median wages, and more and better jobs (such as during the Great Prosperity, 1947-1977)?
400
This theory describes the process of growth and development in a community as a result of competing interests in the form of diverse and shifting coalitions of people (“growth networks”) who pursue or prevent particular growth plans. (Urban ecology theory; Burgess’ concentric zone theory; Political economy theory; Urban Growth Machine; Socio-spatial perspective)
What is the socio-spatial perspective?
400
These economic, political, or social conditions characterize the Corporate city, prominent from 1930-1960.
What are: ECONOMIC: Increased decentralization of production as industry moves to escape labor unrest, encouraging urban growth. Downtown areas consist of fewer retail shops and more corporate offices. POLITICAL: Political fragmentation. Coalition politics help to rebuild and shape the corporate city. SOCIAL: Cities become more highly segregated, leading to more homogenous neighborhoods. Edge cities become more common – private cities
400
Squires & Kubrin (“Privileged Places: Race, Opportunity and Uneven Development in Urban America”) argue for a combination of these 2 policy strategies to address spatial and racial inequalities.
What are class-based policies (e.g. raising the minimum wage) and race-based initiatives (e.g. diversity requirements, enforcement of fair housing, equal employment & other civil rights laws)?
400
To address the problems of sprawl, Katz & Bradley (“Divided We Sprawl”) suggest a metropolitanist policy agenda, which consists of these 4 basic elements.
What are: changing the rules of the development game, pooling resources, giving people access to all parts of the metropolitan area, and reforming governance?
400
According to authors Eitzen & Baca Zinn ("Structural Transformation of the Economy") and Rouse ("Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism"), these factors are contributing to the transformation of the US economy.
What are globalization, the internationalization of capital, a shift from manufacturing to a service sector economy, and the internationalization of labor?
500
This theory describes urban growth as a process of competition over scarce resources resulting in “natural areas” of activity and residency. (Urban ecology theory; Political economy theory; Urban Growth Machine; Socio-spatial perspective)
What is urban ecology theory?
500
These economic, political, or social conditions characterize the World city, prominent from 1960-present.
What are: ECONOMIC: Urban decay due to chronic fiscal crises (cities declare bankruptcy from 1970s to today). Industrial production decreases; service industry increases. Mobile capital leads to the death of some cities due to capital flight and rapid growth in other locations. POLITICAL: State social protection policies are rolled back. Policies privilege suburbs over cities. SOCIAL and SPATIAL: Growth of multi-centered metropolitan regions. Increase in social inequality.
500
A decline of public space results in these consequences.
What are the decline of free association, public debate, and civic participation, along with an overburdening of the family and work to provide for all needs? (See: Davis, Katz & Bradley, Oldenburg, Putnam)
500
Katz & Bradley (“Divided We Sprawl”) offer these concrete suggestions to re-center metropolitan areas.
What are: bring development to rail stations, emphasize public transportation instead of new roads, connect basic places of life (e.g. home, work, shopping), build in vacant areas and brownfields, preserve open space, generate jobs in the metro core and/or near public transportation, reward corporations that return to core areas, etc.?
500
The structural transformation of the economy (due to globalization and other factors) has resulted in these consequences.
What are economic insecurity (jobs, wages, benefits), widening separation between social classes and groups (physical, social, and economic), and increased income inequality and unequal distribution of wealth?