Chapter #1
Who is the father of Victimology?
Mendelsohn
The NCVS cannot measure __________________.
Homicide
What percentage of homicide victims had a criminal record?
50%
This type of childhood abuse was most common among serial killers.
Psychological
When was the term "Victimology" coined?
The 1940s
Which crime measurement tool is best at capturing the dark figure of crime?
This student shot his friend and claimed he was bullied.
Caleb Sharpe
This type of household is at an increased risk of violent victimization and theft.
In Wolfgang's study, what percentage of victims were subintentional homicide victims?
75%
According to this principle, one's likelihood of becoming a crime victim increases when they come into frequent contact with people in demographic groups with likely offenders.
Principle of Homogamy
What is vicarious victimization?
Victimization that affects those close to the victim.
Example: Family members of those who were murdered.
___________ in college face a higher risk of sexual victimization than __________ of the same age who are NOT in college
Men
In his study, Amir concluded that ___________ rape victims "precipitated" the situation, but he admitted that the offender's interpretation of their behavior was most important.
1 in 5
The Uniform Crime Report is compiled annually by the FBI. What is it? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Briefly explain.
*DOUBLE JEOPARDY
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is an annual compilation of crime statistics, submitted by police departments to the FBI on a monthly basis. It consists of Type I (Index) crimes and Type II crimes, though the most serious crimes fall under the Type I category. Some advantages are that it collects information about crime trends, includes demographic information, and 90% of the population is covered. One of the most problematic disadvantages is found with the Hierarchy rule, which means that police measure the most severe crime only, even if multiple crimes occur in the same incident. Similarly, the UCR does not provide information on crime victims, thus limiting the knowledge that victimologists can collect.
Explain psychological consequences of victimization and their connection to behavioral consequences of victimization.
Often, victims experience self-blame, in addition to societal blame for their victimization experiences. This, coupled with the trauma they endured, paves the way for a slew of negative psychological conditions including PTSD, depression, and anxiety. When left untreated, it may impact the victims' behavior, such that the individual might engage in self-harm and/or develop learned helplessness. Furthermore, we know that some victims attempt suicide in the aftermath of victimization. For example, male victims of rape are 13 times more likely than female victims of rape to attempt suicide following victimization.
Injury from victimization is more likely to occur when __________ is the perpetrator.
What are the three types of IPV? *Explain each!
1. Situational Couple Violence - most common form of IPV; both parties engage in violent behavior but neither one uses it to control the other partner.
2. Intimate Terrorism - The most dangerous form of IPV; it is also known as Coercive Control. This violence is serious, escalates, and is used to intimidate and control one's partner.
3. Violent Resistance - Defensive violence.
Explain the components of Routine Activities Theory and provide an example of how victimization could be prevented, according to this theory.
Routine Activities Theory (RAT) maintains that three components must converge in both time and space in order for criminal victimizations to occur. First, a motivated offender is always presumed to be present and lurking about. Secondly, there must a suitable target. This could be a person or item, but regardless, the motivated offender is attracted to the target and intends to engage in crime. Thirdly, there is a lack of capable guardianship.
In order to prevent victimization, theorists and researchers look at providing capable guardianship.
Example #1: A burglar wants to steal a diamond (the target) from Dr. P's home, but Della provides capable guardianship. She scares the offender, who leaves the area and the crime is prevented.
In class, we looked at the unique correlation between the victim-offender overlap. Provide an example of ONE case we discussed in class and exemplify how this fits into the victim-offender overlap.
Examples from class: Terry Williams, drug dealers and theft, and Caleb Sharpe.
Pick one and explain :)
Though early victimologists looked at the role of the victim in their victimization, a fact that borders heavily on victim blaming, they introduced three main ideas about victim culpability; victim precipitation, victim facilitation, and victim provocation.
Explain TWO of the three "roles" of the victim and provide an example.
1. Victim Precipitation: Extent to which a victim is responsible for their victimization.
2. Victim Facilitation: When a victim unintentionally makes victimization easier/more likely.
Example: Leaving your car keys on top of your car and then someone later steals the car.
3. Victim Provocation: The victim provokes the aggressor and without their own actions, there would be no crime.
Example: Someone trying to rob someone and then being a victim of homicide.