MEASURING CRIME
This is the year/period of time when crime started to decline in the United States.
What is 1995 / mid-90s?
A punishment must be swift, certain, and severe in order for this theory to work.
What is deterrence theory?
This is what CPTED stands for.
What is Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design?
Collective efficacy and crime – as variables, do they have a positive or inverse relationship?
What is inverse?
The clash of culturally defined goals and socially approved means results in a state of normlessness, also known as what?
What is anomie?
This is the age range when crime peaks (is at its highest).
What is 19-24?
_________ deterrence targets offenders who have already been apprehended, while __________ deterrence aims to divert would-be offenders from engaging in criminal activity.
What is specific and general deterrence?
These are the three key elements of Cohen & Felson’s Routine Activities Theory.
What are motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of capable guardians?
We discussed four elements of pro-criminal definitions (illustrated by videos from The Wire). Name at least two of them.
What are frequency, priority, duration, and intensity?
Agnew’s General Strain Theory broaden’s Merton’s idea of strain beyond economic strain to include what?
What are negative emotional states and lack of coping skills?
This is one way that the NIBRS (National Incident Reporting System) improves upon the UCR.
Collects info on when and where the offense occurred.
Gathers victim information
Gathers offender information
Records all offenses for each incident
Much of the “Get _____” or “_______ on crime” movement was driven by deterrence theory.
What is “TOUGH”?
We discussed four principles of Newman’s defensible space. Name two of them.
What are territoriality, natural surveillance, image, and milieu?
D’Angelo teaching Bodie and Wallace how to play chess is a great example of which theory?
What is Sutherland's Differential Association theory and Social Learning theory?
If someone accepts the goals of the American Dream and accepts the means to achieve that goal, then he/she is likely using which adaptation to strain?
What is a conformist?
We discussed weaknesses of Victimization Statistics and Measures (NCVS). Name one.
Lack of knowledge of what = crime
Respondent recall (memory)
Issues of question wording
Head of household completes it affects reporting of juvenile victimization how?
The ____________ school of thought is associated with rational choice, while the ____________ is more associated with individual traits (factors outside an individual’s control) as predicting delinquency.
What are the classical school and the positive school?
This person is considered the father of the Positive School of criminology. He moved focus from the offense (deterrence) to the offender, conducted autopsies of 66 criminals, and discovered atavistic anomalies among them, suggesting they were “born criminal.”
Who is Lombroso?
Residential turnover, immigration/heterogeneity, and disorder (i.e. deteriorated housing) are characteristics of which area, according to Shaw & McKay’s theory of Social Disorganization?
What is the Zone of Transition?
If someone rejects the goals of the American Dream and rejects the means to achieve that goal, then he/she is likely using which adaptation to strain, illustrated by someone like Bubbles from The Wire who is severely addicted to drugs?
What is retreatism?
We discussed some weaknesses of the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) - official data from the F.B.I. Describe two of them.
1) Voluntary for police to report their county's crime rates
2) Police have great discretion in arrest
3) Many crimes are not officially reported.
Wilson & Kelling’s Broken Windows theory has a three-stage sequence. Describe one stage:
According to Place Management Theory, crime increases when managers do one of three things:
We discussed NINE tenets of Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory. Describe THREE of them.
1. Criminal behavior is learned.
2. …in interaction with other persons
3. Intimate personal groups
4. Techniques of crime, specific directions of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
5. Definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
6. Excess of pro-criminal definitions causes delinquency
7. Vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
8. Same as any other learning.
9. Criminal behavior is not explained by general needs and values
Akers improved upon Sutherland’s Differential Association by adding what to his Social Learning Theory?
What are punishments and rewards (positive and negative reinforcement)? These are necessary components for delinquency to stop (desist) or continue (persist).