Chapter 4
___________ ___________ is considered the founder of modern policing for his role in establishing London's Metropolitan Police.
Robert Peel
The _______ system for promotions helps ensure organizational stability and fairness by preventing favoritism.
Time-in-rank
State courts have the freedom to develop their own ____________ systems, handling a variety of cases across jurisdictions.
court
Many courts do not recognize the right to ____________ for juveniles, as it is seen as potentially placing economic strain on families.
Bail
Early American policing followed the English model and included roles such as the ___________, who was responsible for enforcing laws and collecting taxes
Sheriff
Police departments are independent agencies within the _______ branch of government and operate without specific control from higher authorities.
Executive
Courts of __________________ are limited to hearing minor or less serious civil and criminal cases.
Limited Jurisdiction
A ____________ offender is a youth who commits an act that would not be considered a crime if done by an adult, such as truancy or running away.
status
In 1946, which city was the only one to have a police computer system?
St. Louis
The "___________ ___________" were private police in the 18th century who often profited from their enforcement roles in urban areas.
Thief Takers
The majority of cases are solved when the _______ is identified at the crime scene by __________________.
Suspect – Patrol Officers
The legal basis for the federal court system is outlined in __________ ________ of the U.S. Constitution.
Article 3 Section 1
The first juvenile court was established in ____________ in 1899 to focus on the "best interests of the child."
Illinois
The Criminal Justice System is society’s instrument of ________.
Social Control
During the ___________ Police Strike of 1919, officers protested for better wages and working conditions, which drew national attention to the need for police reform.
Boston
___________________ is a strategy where police and communities work together to enhance safety and reduce crime.
Community Policing
Specialized courts, like __________ courts and __________ courts, address cases involving substance abuse or mental health issues.
drug, mental health
e Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of ____________ was enacted to address rising juvenile crime rates and improve rehabilitation efforts.
1974
As of 2024, how many states have abolished the death penalty?
23
___________ ___________ is known as the "father of American policing" and promoted professional training for police officers.
August Vollmer
When a crime is reported in progress, there is a _______ percent chance of making an arrest. The probability drops to _______ percent if the crime is reported one minute later and to _______ percent if more than 15 minutes have passed.
33 – 10 – 5
Courts of ___________________ handle more serious felony cases and civil cases involving damages over $10,000.
General Jurisdiction
Juvenile justice has two main types of offenders: ____________ and ____________ offenders.
juvenile delinquent - status
Which court case determined that although the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure applies to children, school officials can legally search kids who violate school rules, even when there is no evidence that the student violated the law?
New Jersey v. T.L.O.