Chapter 4
The Department of ___________ ___________ was established after the 9/11 attacks to improve national security and protect U.S. borders.
Homeland Security
______________ policing is a proactive approach focusing on areas where there is a high incidence of crime or disorder.
Hot Spot
When the Supreme Court agrees to hear a case, it grants a _______________.
Writ of certiorari
The most common sentence in the juvenile justice system is ____________, which allows the youth to remain in the community under supervision.
probation
In the 1990s, police departments began to adopt ___________ review boards, allowing civilians to evaluate police conduct.
Civilian
Neighborhood disorders, such as deteriorated housing and ______________, can promote crime by creating signals of neglect.
Broken Windows
The __________ __________ is the highest court in the United States, often referred to as the "___________________."
U.S. Supreme Court, court of last resort
The term "agree to a finding" is used in place of ____________________ when plea bargaining juvenile cases.
admission of guilt
The three main components of the contemporary criminal justice system are:
law enforcement, the courts, and the correctional system.
The ___________, created in 1893, was one of the first professional organizations for police chiefs and supported police reform efforts.
International Association of Chiefs of Police
Problem-oriented policing (POP) emphasizes _______ problem-solving to develop long-term solutions for community issues.
Proactive
The __________ of a defense attorney can affect the outcome of a trial, as established by the Strickland v. Washington ruling.
competence
The principle of ____________ ____________ means that the state acts as a guardian for minors who cannot protect themselves.
parens patriae
What fraction of the world's prisoners are incarcerated in the United States, which holds as many prisoners as the 194 countries with the smallest incarcerated populations combined?
1 out of 5
The ___________ ___________ Information Center (NCIC), created in 1967, provides law enforcement agencies across the U.S. with access to a national database of offenders.
National Crime
_______ functions, such as personnel management, training, and communications, are essential for the support and effectiveness of law enforcement.
Support
The landmark case of __________ v. __________ ruled that states must provide counsel to indigent defendants in felony cases.
Gideon v. Wainwright
In the case of ____________ v. ____________, the Supreme Court established that juveniles have the right to due process, including the right to notice of charges and counsel.
In re Gault
Who established Divine, Moral, and Martial Laws in Virginia, which made execution a punishment for petty offenses such as stealing grapes, killing chickens, or trading with Indians?
Sir Thomas Dale
Predictive policing uses ___________ data to anticipate where crimes might occur, allowing police to allocate resources more effectively.
Historical
Most local police departments are organized hierarchically. Within this organizational model, each department element normally has its _______.
Chain of Command
Factors influencing prosecutorial discretion include __________ issues, __________ issues, and __________ issues.
legal, victim, resource
What does a waiver of jurisdiction in the juvenile justice system refer to?
The process in which a juvenile court gives up its authority over a case, allowing it to be transferred to an adult court.
What theory, proposed by George Gerbner, suggests that individuals who spend a lot of time watching violence in media perceive the world as a very scary place and become fearful of becoming victims of violence?
Mean World Syndrome