BARRK
CRIMES
CRIMES
This crime is larceny from a person by force or threat of force.
What is robbery?
At early common law, this specific term described the primary actor who directly engages in the criminal act.
Who is a principal in the first degree?
This crime requires malice aforethought and premeditation and deliberation.
What is first-degree murder?
This doctrine allows a jury to infer intent to kill based on the use of a weapon likely to cause death.
What is the deadly weapon doctrine?
This justification allows a person to use reasonable force to protect themselves from imminent harm.
What is self-defense?
These five crimes are classified as "inherently dangerous felonies," meaning that a death occurring during their commission can trigger a murder charge even without a specific intent to kill.
What are the BARRK crimes?
Under modern law, this single term is used to describe both "principals in the second degree" and "accessories before the fact.
What are accomplices?
This type of manslaughter involves an intentional killing committed in the heat of passion after adequate provocation.
What is voluntary manslaughter?
At common law, attempt liability depends on how close the defendant came to completing the crime under this test.
What is the dangerous proximity test?
This justification permits the use of force to protect another person facing imminent harm.
What is defense of others?
This crime required a "breaking and entering" of a dwelling specifically "at night" with the intent to commit a felony.
What is burglary at common law?
This category of party to a crime is unique because they provide their aid or assistance only after the criminal act has been completed.
What is an accessory after the fact?
This form of malice is shown when a defendant acts with extreme recklessness and disregard for human life, such as playing Russian roulette.
What is depraved heart?
This doctrine allows a defendant to avoid liability when they commit a crime in order to prevent a more serious harm.
What is the necessity defense (greater evil doctrine)?
This justification applies when law enforcement officers or certain individuals act within their legal authority.
What is authority (public or legal authority defense)?
Under common law, this BARRK crime required the "malicious burning or charring" of the dwelling of another.
What is arson?
This category refers to individuals who assist or encourage the crime before it is committed but are not present during its commission.
What are accessories before the fact?
Along with adequate provocation and no cooling-off period, this element must be present to reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter.
What is the heat of passion?
This doctrine limits felony murder by requiring that the underlying felony have an independent felonious purpose separate from the killing.
What is the merger doctrine?
This defense argues that it is unfair to punish the defendant because the government induced the criminal conduct.
What is entrapment?
For this crime to stand, the movement of the victim must be a "substantial distance" and the confinement must be more than what is inherent in committing another crime
What is kidnapping?
D waits outside as a lookout while his partner commits a burglary inside. Under early common law, D would be classified as this type of party.
What is a principal in the second degree?
D kills V after V insults him with harsh words alone. This is likely insufficient to reduce murder to manslaughter because this requirement is not met.
What is adequate provocation?
This doctrine holds an accomplice criminally responsible not only for the specific crime they intended to facilitate but also for any unintended offenses committed by the principal that were a foreseeable result of the initial aid
What is the natural and probable consequences doctrine??
This type of intoxication may serve as a complete defense because it negates the ability to make moral choices.
What is involuntary intoxication?