Chapter #5
Who is the father of probation?
John Augustus
What is the difference between conditional and unconditional release?
Conditional: Misconduct can result in return to custody (i.e. Parole is a form of conditional release).
Unconditional: The offenders have served their time and are released.
Which juvenile is most likely to be a victim of sexual abuse while incarcerated?
Female juveniles
What educational background is required to become a correctional officer?
A high school diploma (in most areas)
What legacy did the case of Madrid v. Gomez leave?
It ensured that the mentally ill should not be exposed to solitary confinement, but no limits were placed on other prisoners.
What is the difference between a pretrial services officer and a probation officer?
A pretrial services officer: investigates and supervises before trial.
Probation officer: does the same but AFTER conviction.
What does it mean to commute a sentence?
How did the courts respond to the families of children taken for the House of Refuge?
The courts sided with the House of Refuge, declaring that the parents had no rights any longer. Therefore, many impoverished children were taken off of the streets and placed into the House of Refuge. Later, the House of Refuge was accused of abusive practices.
What is the green wall?
A gang of correctional officers in a California prison.
When one files a writ of habeas corpus, what are they doing?
They are asking the courts to determine whether they are lawfully being detained.
What is the threshold for which probationers can be searched by their probation officer?
When can a parolee be searched?
What is bootstrapping?
The practice of using minor incidents of misconduct to lock up young females who were already on probation.
Female correctional officers
What did the case of Hudson v. Palmer do?
It demonstrated that prisoners do not have rights against searches while in prison and their possessions can be searched, too. As soon as they step into prison, they lose the right to 4th Amendment protections against unreasonable search and seizure.
What is the difference between active and passive electronic monitoring?
Active: uses GPS and tracks 24/7 via ankle monitor
Passive: Voice verification systems and other less commonly used tools
What is ban the box?
A policy that asks employers to remove the "box" on their application forms which asks about prior felony convictions. The belief is that this will help ex-offenders have a better opportunity at securing employment post-incarceration. Still, they will have to disclose their criminal history, but AFTER the employer has a chance to get to know them.
What is the age-crime curve?
This is the tendency for people to "age into" crime in their teenage years and "age out" of crime in their 20's. Typically, we see higher crime rates for those aged 16-24.
Among police officers, veterans, and correctional officers, who has the highest rates of PTSD?
Explain the case of Brown v. Plata.
California was mandated to reduce their prison capacity by 137%, due to extreme overcrowding. The court ruled that overcrowding violates the inmates' 8th Amendment protections against cruel and unusual punishment. In essence, California had to release at least 33,000 inmates within two years.
Explain Hawaii H.O.P.E. Is it an effective probation?
Hawaii HOPE was designed in 2004 by Judge Alm. It focuses on the certainty and severity aspects of punishment for drug users; they face immediate jail time if caught with a positive test. Probationers call in everyday with a color and number to see if they are to come in for a drug test, so it is randomized. If caught, however, the jail time is not LONG, but serves as a warning. This is highly effective, with the the National Institute of Justice endorsing it; probationers were 55% less likely to recidivate, 72% less likely to use drugs, and 43% less likely to have probation rights revoked.
What is reentry? Explain in detail, noting how many people reenter society, and listing some of the major challenges associated with this process.
Reentry occurs when a formerly incarcerated individual returns to society. Approximately, 95% of all offenders will return to the free world at some point. Challenges include finding housing, accessing healthcare and mental health resources, trying to secure employment, losing the right to vote (permanently in some states), strained relationships, and the stigma associated with being an ex-offender.
Explain the case of Roper v. Simmons (2005).
How do the custodial responsibilities differ for officers in jails and prisons?
Jails: Day shift - Helping inmates navigate jail and providing them with basic necessities, Night shift- Focus on surveillance, mail distribution.
Prisons: Contracts with organizations to help provide services, various degrees of contact with the inmates. Main concern: maintaining safety and security of the facility (the same concern with jails)
What is PREA?