The court system, sources of rights, and fundamental principles
This court system handles cases involving federal laws, constitutional issues, and disputes between states.
What is the federal court system?
The three basic stages of the criminal justice process.
What are pretrial, trial, and post-trial?
Law enforcement, courts, corrections
The legal term for the standard of proof required for an officer to make an arrest, conduct a search, or obtain a warrant.
What is probable cause?
The exclusionary rule prevents this type of evidence from being used in court.
What is illegally obtained evidence?
The Supreme Court case that established the legality of stop and frisk.
What is Terry v. Ohio (1968)?
The U.S. has this type of court system, which consists of both federal and state courts.
What is the dual court system?
This step follows arrest and involves formally charging the defendant and setting bail.
What is arraignment?
The Supreme Court case that ruled officers can stop and frisk a person based on reasonable suspicion.
What is Terry v. Ohio (1968)?
This 1961 Supreme Court case established that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment cannot be used in state courts.
What is Mapp v. Ohio?
The level of suspicion required for an officer to conduct a stop and frisk.
What is reasonable suspicion?
This term refers to a court’s authority to hear a case based on geographic location.
What is territorial jurisdiction?
This document formally accuses a person of a crime.
What is an indictment?
One method of establishing probable cause, where an officer sees criminal activity firsthand.
What is direct observation?
The doctrine that allows evidence to be used in court if it would have been inevitably discovered legally.
What is the inevitable discovery doctrine?
The main purpose of a frisk.
What is to check for weapons to ensure officer safety?
This term refers to the specific location where a case is heard within a jurisdiction.
What is venue?
The burden of proof in a criminal trial.
What is beyond a reasonable doubt?
The legal term for the belief that a crime may be occurring, justifying a brief detention or stop.
What is reasonable suspicion?
The term for evidence that is considered "tainted" because it was derived from an illegal search or seizure.
What is fruit of the poisonous tree?
Officers may stop someone in this type of location if they match the description of a suspect in the area.
What is a high-crime area?
This Supreme Court case established the power of judicial review.
What is Marbury v. Madison?
The term for when an inmate challenges their imprisonment in court.
What is habeas corpus?
A Supreme Court case that established the “totality of circumstances” test for determining probable cause.
What is Illinois v. Gates (1983)?
A scenario where illegally obtained evidence may still be admissible under an exception.
What is the good faith exception?
The term for law enforcement policies that disproportionately target certain racial groups.
What is racial profiling?