Chicago School
One of the earliest examples of balancing theorizing with scientific analysis while guiding important programs and policy implementations
What is Chicago School also known as Ecological School or theory of social disorganization
These assume unique societal groups socialize their children to believe that certain activities that violate conventional law are good and positive ways to behave
What are cultural and subcultural theories of crime
The concept that people are born with no tendency toward or away from committing crime and are completely malleable and will believe what they are told by their significant others and act accordingly
What is tabula rasa or blank slate
This control theorist stated that all individuals are inherently disposed to take advantage of others in order to improve their own person well-being
Who is Thomas Hobbes
In the 1930s, this theorist stated that the dramatization of evil occurred when youth were arrested and charged with their first offense
Who is Frank Tannenbaum
This theorist claimed that all cities would contain identifiable clusters, called natural areas, that would take on a life or organic unity of their own
Who is Robert E. Park
According to this theorist, to maintain one's reputation and demand respect is known as "the code on the street"
Who is Elijah Anderson
In the 1930s, Edwin Sutherland introduced this theory that stated criminal behavior is learned
What is differential association theory
Emile Durkheim stated that animals have automatic spontaneity where they stop eating when they are full, yet he stated humans do not possess this ability but have this instead
What is awakened reflection
This theorist that the poor develop a strong feeling of injustice which contributes to their entering into illegal activity
Who is Willem Bonger
What is theory of concentric circles
In 1967, Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang examined violent themes of inner-city youths in this American city, known as the city of brotherly love
What is Philadelphia
Ivan Pavlov used these to demonstrate classical conditioning to learn through associations between stimuli and responses
What are dogs
The control theory that claims delinquency is a consequence of weak ego or superego controls was developed in 1951 by this theorist
Who is Albert Reiss
These theories assume that all societies are in a process of constant change & this process creates conflicts among various groups
What are conflict theories of crime
These theorists stated that physical dilapidation, poverty and heterogeneity (high cultural mix) are common in neighborhoods with the highest crime rates
Who are Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay
Walter B. Miller stated that members of the lower class teach these as a culture or environment
What are focal concerns
Operant conditioning, which uses positive and negative reinforcement as well as positive and negative punishment, was developed by this theorist
Who is B. F. Skinner
Attachment, commitment, involvement and belief are elements of this social control theory by Travis Hirschi
This conflict theorist stated people are naturally social and inevitably form groups out of shared needs, values, and interests.
Who is George Vold
Zone II, a previously stable residential area where businesses and factories were being invaded, is also called this
What is zone in transition
In Miller's model, these are the six focal concerns
What are fate, autonomy, trouble, toughness, excitement and smartness
Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners and appeal to higher loyalties are elements of this theory by Gresham Sykes and David Matza
What is Neutralization Theory
Gottfredson and Hirschi developed the theory of low self-control, or general theory of crime, that contends if self-control is not established by this age, individuals will exhibit low self-control for the rest of their lives
What is 10
Regarding social reaction and labeling theory, policy implications known as the Ds refer to
What are diversion, decriminalization and deinstitutionalization