The Classical School
Who is often called the "father of classical criminology?"
Who is Becarria?
What term refers to inherently wrong crimes that are defined as "evil in itself?"
What is mala in se?
This term refers to behavior that relies on logic and reason.
What is rational behavior?
Which theory, instrumental in the development of social disorganization theory, proposed that urban areas grew from an inner core and "social ills” are more frequent near the inner core?
What is concentric zone theory?
Which theory proposed by Sutherland theorized that criminal behavior is learned through interpersonal communication and that differing exposure to pro-criminal and anti-criminal values among individuals influences their criminal behavior?
What is differential association theory?
Becarria proposed that punishment must be these three things for it to be effective.
What are swift, certain, and severe?
What term refers to the category of crimes that are not inherently wrong but are defined as criminal behavior based on societal standards?
What is mala prohibida?
Rational choice theory suggests that rather than simply free will, an individual's choice is determined by this.
What is human agency?
Durkheim used this term to refer to the "lacking of norms" in society.
What is anomie?
Which theory proposed by Burgess and Akers built upon differential association theory and suggested that differential reinforcement was important in explaining criminal behavior?
What is social learning theory?
What term used by Bentham refers to the "logical analysis performed by individual to weigh pleasure versus pain in considering their actions?"
What is hedonistic calculus?
Which type of deterrence is designed to prevent the individual who is being punished from committing crime again?
What is specific deterrence?
Which term refers to the crime prevention tactic that relies on making individuals less susceptible to victimization and making areas less “crime friendly?”
What is target hardening?
Merton proposed that this exists when people are unable to attain resources legitimately and may lead to individuals resorting to illegitimate means of obtaining resources.
What is strain?
What is early childhood?
What term refers to the idea that individuals in society give up some freedoms and liberty in exchange for protection from the state?
What is the social contract?
Which early positivist process (similar to modern crime mapping) used maps and geographical information to focus on where and when crime occurs?
What is cartographic criminology?
According to routine activities theory, these three factors must converge for a criminal event.
What are motivated offender, suitable victim, and lack of capable guardianship?
In Agnew's general strain theory, he proposed that strain was the result of either of these two events occurring.
What is addition of negative stimuli or removal of positive stimuli?
Sutherland proposed that differential associations vary in these four factors.
What are frequency, duration, priority, and intensity?
What is the name of the prison designed by Bentham which theoretically allowed for constant monitoring of inmates?
What is the panopticon?
Ferri posited that these 3 factors prevented rational decision making in criminals.
What are moral insensibility, lack of foresight, and low intelligence?
According to rational choice theory, these three factors limit rational decision making ability.
What are time, resources, and information?
Shaw and McKay proposed that social disorganization was a result of these four characteristics of a community.
What are high poverty levels, high racial and ethnic heterogeneity, high population density, and high residential mobility?
Hirschi proposed that these four components made up an individual's social bond.