Conflict & Critical Theories
According to Conflict Theories, crime is defined as what?
Any act deemed criminal by the powerful
Once labeled criminal, individuals no longer engage in what type of deviance?
Primary deviance
What term describes a system where masculinity is valued over femininity?
Patriarchy
What is the key determinant of crime in Rational Choice Theory?
Choice (or sequence of choices)
At what age range does crime typically peak?
Ages 17–19
What type of conflict model assumes multiple power centers instead of one elite group?
Pluralistic Conflict Model
What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?
Primary deviance leads to the label; secondary deviance comes after internalizing the label
What concept describes dominant male traits like aggression and control?
Hegemonic masculinity
Rational Choice Theory borrows the expected utility principle from what field?
Economic theory
Which group makes up about 90% of offenders in Moffitt’s taxonomy?
Adolescent-limited offenders
In Quinney’s theory, what types of crimes are most often ignored by the system?
Crimes of the ruling elite (control, domination, repression, government)
What is the term for crime that is evil in itself?
Mala in se
What factors affect young men’s ability to “do gender”?
Age, class, race
What does “routine” refer to in Routine Activities Theory?
Everyday, mundane activities
What is the “maturity gap”?
Gap between biological maturity and social maturity
What type of crimes dominate U.S. crime statistics according to Quinney?
Crimes of accommodation
What is the term for crime that is wrong only because it is prohibited?
Mala prohibita
Which hypothesis explains why certain women receive leniency due to similarity with decision-makers?
Selectivity hypothesis
What are the three elements required for a crime to occur?
Motivated offender, suitable target, absence of capable guardianship
What are two biological deficits linked to life-course persistent offenders?
Poor executive functioning & low verbal IQ
What concept explains continued offending due to blocked opportunities from past behavior?
Cumulative continuity
According to labeling theory, what happens when a label becomes a “master status”?
It leads to secondary deviance
What approach explains how abuse and inequality lead women into crimes like running away or prostitution?
Gendered pathways approach
Which element cannot be addressed through situational crime prevention?
Motivated offender
What theory argues that people desist due to adult social bonds like marriage and employment?
Turning Points Theory (Age-graded Theory of Informal Social Control)