Males, youths, and the poor are more likely to be these.
What are offenders AND victims?
100
This theory discusses how belonging to a certain group can increase one's risk of victimization.
What is Lifestyle Theory?
100
The concept of rational choice involves the weighing of these.
What are costs and benefits/rewards and punishments?
100
This theorist said that serious offenders were "born criminals" and that they had distinctive, atavistic traits.
Who is Cesare Lombroso?
100
This theorist talks about the importance of early childhood, specifically the psychosexual stages of development.
Who is Freud?
200
This is when others who were not victimized still become fearful and change their lives to avoid victimization.
What is vicarious fear/victimization?
200
This occurs when a victim "starts" the encounter that results in their victimization through intentional means.
What is active precipitation?
200
Beccaria said that, since people are self-serving, the only way to effectively deter crime is to ensure that punishment has these three characteristics.
What is severe, certain, and swift?
200
The diathesis-stress model talks about crime as a function of this combined with situational stressors.
What is a predisposition to crime?
200
An example of this is when Mom takes away your car for a week because you missed your curfew.
What is negative punishment?
300
This bias may explain why racial minorities are overrepresented in the offender population and suggests that minorities get arrested, charged, and prosecuted more often.
What is system bias?
300
These are the three elements necessary for a crime to occur, according to the Routine Activities Theory.
What is a motivated offender, suitable target, and the absence of capable guardians?
300
This idea was put forth by Thomas Hobbes and involves people giving up their selfish interests for the good of the state.
What is the social contract?
300
These are shown to be linked to crime in part through school failure and involve a difficulty in using and understanding language.
What are learning disabilities?
300
A domestic violence victim is often hit with a belt. She is abused so often with this weapon that just seeing the belt induces fear and panic. This is an example of this type of learning.
What is Classical Conditioning?
400
In Wolfgang, Figlio, & Sellin's study, this percent of their sample perpetrated over half of all offenses committed by their sample.
What is 6%?
400
According to this theory, it is all about WHERE you spend your time in terms of victimization risk.
What is Deviant Place Theory?
400
Despite its seemingly irrationality, this is why violence is still considered a rational choice.
What is because offenders have specific goals and choose specific targets?
400
This theory discusses rape as a function of evolutionary processes, specifically designating two types of reproductive strategies that are successful ways to pass on one's genes.
What is r/K Theory?
400
According to this theory, a child that does not have a strong maternal figure to whom they can bond when they are very young will have social and psychological problems when they're older.
What is Attachment Theory?
500
This phenomenon can be predicted by how vulnerable, attractive, and/or antagonistic a person is in life.
What is chronic/repeat victimization?
500
This theory says that crime is NORMAL.
What is Routine Activities Theory?
500
While situational crime prevention is most effective when targeting specific crimes, this is when efforts to reduce one crime end up reducing others as well in the same area.
What is diffusion of benefits?
500
Jake loves excitement. He gets bored really easily and needs to do fun, thrilling things to be truly happy. According to this theory, he is more likely to be a criminal because he is more likely to take risks and enjoy the thrill of crime.
What is Arousal Theory?
500
Although somewhat tautological, this disorder is diagnosed based on persistent criminal activity, but is also predictive of future criminal activity.