Name That Theory
Offending occurs when there is the introduction of negative stimuli and/or the loss of positive stimuli, which creates a negative emotional response.
General Strain Theory
To deter crime, physical disorder has to be addressed and minor offenses should be policed.
Broken Windows
The Scientific study of crime, laws/norms, and violations of these.
Criminology
How have crime trends changed since the 1980s?
General decline with some small blips.
Criminology is a subfield of this discipline in its origins.
Sociology
Cities are divided into different 'rings' with different social contexts.
Concentric Zone Theory
For a crime to occur, there needs to be the confluence of a motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of capable guardianship.
Routine Activities Theory
According to this perspective, laws reflect norms and values, which help to maintain social order.
Consensus Perspective
According to the age crime curve, offending generally peaks during _________.
Adolescence
Homicide
Places are criminogenic, not people.
Social Disorganization Theory
People are rational actors and make decisions to maximize benefits while minimizing consequences.
Rational Choice Theory
A violent crime that involves the use of a threat to steal property.
Robbery
What is a limitation of NIBRS data?
Reliance on Police/Arrest Data -- Not always reported to FBI and may be under-reported
For deterrence to work, this has to outweigh the benefits.
Risks
Crime is socialized through interactions with others and the reinforcement of social behaviors over time
Social Learning Theory
Bonds to society prevent crime
Social Control Theory
Quantitative
What is the difference between a sample and a target population?
Sample - Data collected from
Target Population - Who/What we are trying to understand/generalize to
One of the key purposes of criminal law is _____________
Deterrence
What is the difference between specific and general deterrence?
Specific: Person has a consequence and impacts their future behavior
General: Vicarious
Social bonds prevent crime while adverse experiences lead to it.
Differential Coercion and Social Support
Researchers are interested in the effects of peer relationship quality on mental health. In this example, ______________ is the independent variable.
Peer relationship quality
What are the four elements of social bonds emphasized by Hirschi as important?
(125 each)
Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief
What is the key difference between social control and social learning theories?
Social Control: Crime is inherent/evenly distributed across the population
Social Learning: Crime is not inherent -- Learned and developed through imitation and reinforcement