Chapter 1
Behavior that departs from the social norms of society but is not necessarily criminal
What is deviance?
Uniform Crime report, National Crime Victimization Survey, and Self-Report Surveys
What are data collection methods?
Victims of crimes, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crime themselves
Cycle of Violence
The view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.
What is Rational Choice Theory?
The intention or knowledge of wrongdoing that constitutes part of a crime. Guilty mind
What is mens rea?
Crime is a choice where the person weighs the benefits and consequences
What is classical criminology?
Local survey data which has a lot of nonreported crimes but relies on honesty.
What is self-report surveys?
Gender most likely to be a victim of violent crime.
Age group most likely to be a victim of crime.
Social class most likely to be a victim of crime.
Race/ethnicity most likely to be a victim of crime.
What is male?
What is young people?
What is poor/low socioeconomic status?
What is African American?
An effect that occurs when crime control efforts simply move, or redirect, offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets.
What is displacement?
The small group of persistent offenders who account for a majority of all criminal offenses.
What are chronic offenders (career criminals)?
Being all in agreement the justice system is there to serve us all - the belief that society's share common values and agree on what behaviors should be defined as criminal
What is Consensus View of Crime?
Data are collected from police records and it measures homicides and arrests. It omits crimes not reported to police, drug usage, and has reporting errors.
Uniform Crime Report
The theory that victims initiate actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization.
What is Victim Precipitation Theory?
A crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties, convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh its benefi ts.
What is General Deterrence?
An effect that occurs when crime reduction programs produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions.
What is extinction?
Class conflict and crime. The economic system produces conditions that support high crime rate (critical criminologists)
What is conflict view of criminology?
Data from large national survey, and includes careful sampling techniques that has other crimes not reported to police.
What is National Crime Victimization Survey?
The view that victimization results from three factors: 1. Availability of suitable targets - the opportunity for an easy target 2. Absence of capable guardian (police) 3. Presence of a motivated offender
Routine Activities Theory
The view that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts.
What is Specific Deterrence?
Mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers, designed to produce restitution agreements and, if possible, reconciliation.
Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs
Born criminals have atavistic anomalies (abnormal physical characteristics)
What did Lombroso believe?
Age 16 and 6 PM
What is the peak age for property crime and what time do more violent crimes take place?
The three characteristics that increase the potential for victimization
What is target vulnerability (physical/mental weakness), Target gratifiability (having skills/possessions/attributes), and target antagonism (characteristics that arouse anger/jealousy/etc)
The view that placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years reduces their opportunity to commit crime and helps lower the crime rate.
What is incapacitation effect?
The two months were the most crime occurs
What is August and July?