Beccaria did not believe in the death penalty because he didn't think society had the right to kill people and that it isn't a good deterrent (true or false?)
What is true?
100
1 of 4 categories of deviance, this perspective suggests a deviant is someone who broke one of society's rules
What is simple rule-breaking?
100
Durkheim argues crime is not a functional part of society (rue or false)
What is false?
100
How do the UCR, NIBRS, and NCVS each calculate a crime rate. (Give me the equation[s])
Crime Rate: (incidents/population) x base
UCR, NIBRS base = 100,000
NCVS base = 1,000
100
According to Baumers, what is the primary reason for the rise in crime between 1980-1994?
What is expansion of the crack market (40% of increase)
200
What 3 things did Beccaria say punishment should be?
What is swift, certain, proportional
200
1 of 4 categories of deviance: social processes that lead to instability in society
What is social pathology?
200
This is the set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society
What is the collective conscious?
200
This tool of measurement only records the most serious crime, so if there is a rape-murder, only the murder would be reported.
What is the UCR? (the NIBRS records up to 10 offenses, 99 offenders, 999 victims)
200
What alternative explanation for the increase in crime cites impaired formative brain growth and reduced IQ as factors in its cause of delinquency?
What is lead exposure?
300
According to Becarria this is the main goal of punishment.
What is deterrence?
300
1 of 4 categories of deviance: crime is caused by disease and is harmful to both society and the offender
What is pathology?
300
Automatic binding of together of people into a collective through their shared values, beliefs, and practices
What is mechanical solidarity?
300
Give 3 limitations of victim surveys:
Systematic bias in reporting
Discrete events
Context of victimization
Definitional problems
Rare events
Memory decay
Telescoping
300
In the 1800s virtually all Blacks lived in rural areas, but by the middle of the 1900s, most Blacks lived in cities, often in the north. This is known as:
What is the great migration?
400
The idea that an offender weighs benefits and costs of a crime before committing it is known as:
What is rational choice theory?
400
1 of 4 categories of deviance: the behavior is considered uncommon by society based on injunctive norms (what is considered morally acceptable or morally wrong)
What is abnormal behavior?
400
Mutual reliance individuals and groups had on others in order to allow for a society to function
What is organic solidarity?
400
Name the 8 index crimes according to the UCR:
What is:
1. Murder/non-negligent manslaughter
2. Rape
3. Robbery
4. Aggravated assault
5. Burglary
6. Larceny theft (pickpocketing)
7. Motor vehicle theft
8. Arson
400
The 1995 study by Sampson and Wilson collected data on racial differences in crime. In Chicago, one of their major findings found that _____________ was the primary predictor for committing violent acts.
What is neighborhood environment?
500
Explain Beccaria's perspective on torture. (Need 2/3 major points)
What is
(1) torturing someone is unjust and a form of punishment in itself
(2) the person might be innocent
(3) torture confounds the distinction between guilt and pain tolerance
500
Describe social variation, temporal variation, and variation according to consequence (you can use real life examples to help your explanation)
social variation: some things are considered wrong when committed by certain people but not others (ex. Stanford swimmer)
temporal variation: rules vary over time (ex. prohibition)
variation according to consequence: deviance is ignored unless it has large negative result (ex. white collar crime)
500
Explain the consensus model and the conflict models of crime (use examples to help in your explanation)
Consensus model: widespread agreement on what serious offenses are and how they should be punished (ex. murder)
Conflict model: disagreement on what constitutes a crime, social audience with the most socioeconomic/political power influences how punishments are decided upon (ex. weed)
500
In the last 10 years property and violent crime have gone down or up (and) by about what percentage?
What is down by 20%?
500
According to Baumer - what 3 things caused the 1990s crime drop
What is:
incarceration (agreed on by a lot)
- the increased incarceration explains a relatively large portion of the decreasing crime
- 10-35% of the crime drop
economy
- better economy accounted for 10-30% of crime drop
- lower unemployment, higher wages
- teen births
- lag accounted for 10-35% of crime drop
abortion argument (less teen births or births to high risk mothers)