Crises, World Market, Europe Transformed

Crises of 14th Century Europe

100

These people are called _____________

Flagellants

200

Identify a few social and economic impact(s) the Black Death had on Europe.

Trade declined, labor became more expensive, since there were less people, there were fewer skilled laborers, serfs protested and demanded higher wages and ultimately serfdom ended

300

Early on in the Hundred Years War, the _______________ defeated the ________________ in the Battles of Crecy and Agincourt because they had _____________.

English initially defeated the French because they had used longbows.

400

The Hundred Years War started when France invaded a territory called _____________, which belonged to England.

Gascony

500

How was the papal schism resolved and what lasting idea/theory did it bring about amongst church officials? (Define it).

In the Council of Constance in 1414 the all the competing popes resigned. The Council elected Martin V to be pope. The theory of Conciliarism became more accepted amongst church officials -  the belief that only a general council of the church, and not the pope, could bring reform to the church in its "head and members."

Renaissance

100

What major differences distinguished medieval art from art in the Renaissance?

Renaissance art had a focus on realism and naturalism. It used perspective to create the illusion of depth and space. There were classical forms and motifs. Medieval art was primarily Christian subjects and themes, had no foreground or background.

200

"A prince, therefore, should not necessarily have all the good qualities I mentioned above, but he should appear to have them.... He should not deviate from what is good, if that is possible, but he should know how to do evil, if that is necessary."

Niccolo Machiavelli

300

What was Renaissance humanism?

It was an intellectual movement based on the study of the classics, the literary works of Greece and Rome. Humanists studied the liberal arts - grammar, rhetoric poetry, moral philosophy or ethics and history, all based on the writings of ancient Greek and Roman authors (today called the humanities).

400

One of the new monarchies that arose during the Renaissance, Louis XI of France strengthened his rule by implementing a policy called a _______, which was ________________.

The taille was an annual tax on land or property.

500

Another new monarchy arose during the Renaissance, when King ________ and Queen ________  married each other thereby unifying Spain under a Catholic monarchy. They then expelled Muslims from the land completing a series of campaigns known as the _________________. 

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella completed the "reconquista" that drove out Muslims from Spain.

Exploration and Trade

100

What was the Middle Passage?

The voyage that shipped slaves from Africa to the Americas.

200

Why were the Portuguese so successful in taking over the spice trade?

Prince Henry the Navigator set up a school of navigation. Vasco Da Gama reached India after previous attempts were by made by other Portuguese explorers. To control the trade routes, Afonso de Albuquerque set up forts along the coasts of the Indian Ocean and from those ports the Portuguese raided Arab shippers.

300

Identify the two Spanish Conquistadors that took over the land where Mexico and Peru are today and identify the people they conquered respectively.

Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs.

Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Inca.

400

Identify the different levels of the social hierarchy that emerged the Spanish colonies in the Americas. 

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes, Natives, Enslaved Africans

500

Effects of the slave trade on Africa.

Introduction of new crops from the Americas, such as maize, peanuts, and manioc, leading to an increase in food production. African societies became destabilized as they would trade slaves for guns, which would then be used to raid neighboring societies for more slaves. Depopulation in vast areas of Africa.

The Protestant Reformation

100

Describe this picture.

In 1517, Martin Luther hammered his 95 Theses on the door of the church of Wittenburg, Germany, thereby starting the Protestant Reformation.

200

What were the main tenets of Lutheranism and how did they differ from Catholicism?

Luther believed that to be a good Christian you only needed faith, scripture, Christ, the glory of God, and the grace of god. Luther believed you did not need to the Church to be a good Christian. He also believed you only needed faith (the doctrine known as "justification by faith") to be saved from hell, whereas the Roman Catholic Church believes you must do good works.

300

What were the main tenets of Calvinism and how did they differ from Catholicism?

John Calvin believed that God predetermines who will go to heaven even before we are born (the doctrine known as "predestination"). The Roman Catholic Church believes in free will.

400

What were the main tenets of Anabaptists and how did they differ from Catholicism?

The Anabapstists believed that one should be baptized as an adult instead of as a baby (which is what the Roman Catholic Church practices), because when you are an adult you can decide religious matters for yourself.

500

Identify three reforms the Catholic Church implemented (known as the "Catholic Reformation" or the "Counter Reformation") in the midst of the Protestant Reformation.

The Catholic Church adopted the Jesuit missionaries who started schools around the world, stopped the sale of indulgences, and reaffirmed traditional beliefs at the Council of Trent. 

Wars, Absolutism and Limited Monarchy

100

Who fought who in France's war of religion and how was it resolved?

The Calvinist nobles fought the French Monarchy and it was resolved when Henry of Navarre (formerly a Calvinist) ascended to the throne. He converted to Catholicism but passed the Edict of Nantes, tolerating Calvinists and giving them political privileges.

200

Henry VIII started the ___________________ thereby making England a Protestant nation. Was his son, Edward VI,  Protestant or Catholic? Was his daughter, Mary, Protestant or Catholic? Was his daughter, Elizabeth, Protestant or Catholic?  

Henry VIII started the Church of England (known as the "Anglican Church"). Edward VI kept the Church of England alive, so he was Protestant. Mary tried to return Catholicism to England and burned Protestants as heretics. Her sister revived the Church of England (thereby making England Protestant once again), but she also tolerated Catholics.

300

What is this, who built it, and why?

Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles to monitor and distract the nobles. This enabled him to maintain absolute rule over France without any threats to his power 

400

Describe what this image is showing and who it involves.

Peter the Great is forcibly removing the beards of the Russian nobles (known as "boyars").

500

Who is this man? What is about to happen to him and why?

King Charles I was executed after Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, won a civil war against him because he wanted added more rituals and idols in the Church of England that made it seem too similar to the Roman Catholic Church. (This angered the Puritans in Parliament, such as Cromwell.)