Oxygenation
percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen as measured by pulse oximetry
SpO2
Normal EtCO₂
35-45mmHg
Low-pitched “snoring” lung sounds caused by secretions in large airways.
Rhonchi
Tall, thin males are at higher risk for this sudden lung-collapse condition.
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
This term refers to the amount of air delivered per breath, usually 6–8 mL/kg IBW.
Tidal Volume
Normal PaO₂
80-100
What happens to EtCO2 as respiratory rate decreases?
Rises
high-pitched sound, most commonly heard on inspiration, that is indicative of an upper airway obstruction
Stridor
This pathology presents with dyspnea, tachypnea, pleuritic pain, and can cause “impending doom.”
This pressure keeps alveoli open at end‑expiration.
Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)
delivering an FiO2 close to 100%, this device requires inflation of a reservoir
Non-Rebreather Mask (NRB)
The movement of air in from the atmosphere and out from the body
Ventilation
"Percolator", or popping sounds, best heard on inspiration
Crackles
This condition involves alveolar filling with pus/fluid, causing decreased diffusion and possible sepsis.
Pneumonia
If EtCO₂ suddenly drops to zero on a ventilated patient, this is the first thing you should check.
Vent Disconnection
device that delivers continuous stream of pressurized air that keeps the airway open to decrease effort of breathing and increase oxygenation
CPAP
Non-invasive tool that assesses for adequate ventilation
End Tidal CO2/ Capnography
Sound that results from narrowed airways
Wheeze
Refractory hypoxemia, bilateral infiltrates, and low PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio indicate this severe condition.
ARDS
3 causes of High-pressure alarms
secretions
pneumothorax
patient agitation
max flow rate for this device is 6 lpm
Nasal Cannula
During CPR, a sudden spike in EtCO₂ most likely indicates this.
ROSC (return of spontaneous circulation)
Hypotension, unilaterally absent breath sounds, hypoxia are indicative of what condition?
TENSION Pneumothorax
Treatment for a tension PTX
Tension Pneumothorax
The acronym DOPE stands for these four troubleshooting steps.
Dislodged/Displacement, Obstruction, Pneumothorax, Equipment failure