Show:
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 7
Chapter 8 & 9
Chapter 10 & 11
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An assertion that something is or is not the case

What is: A Statement

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Two main categories, in terms of hindrance of critical thinking,
What is: 1. How we think. 2. What we think.
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In terms of Categorical Logic: The basic unit of concern in categorical logic is the??
What is: Statement Component
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Argument that is intended to supply only probable support for its conclusion? The conclusion of this form of argument is simply more likely to be true than not.
What is: Inductive
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Double Jeopardy: This is worth double points. The only legitimate basis for legally forbidding X is that doing X causes harm to others.
What is: The Harm Principle
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A statement given is support of another statement
What is: A Premise
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Truth depends solely on what someone believes ex. This means that something can be true for one person, but not another (this is my truth)
What is: Subjective Relativism
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In categorical reasoning the statements, or claims, of interest are?? Clue: They make simple assertions about categories, or classes, of things. They say how certain classes of things are, or are not, included in other classes of things.
What is: Categorical Statements
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Begins with observations about some members of the group and ends with a generalization about all of them.
What is: Enumerative induction
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Assesses the merit, desirability, or praiseworthiness of someone or something.
What is: A value judgment
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A statement that premises are used to support
What is: A Conclusion
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the view that truth is relative to societies ex. True for one group, but not another Individuals are not infallible, but societies are: the concept that whole societies cannot be wrong Self-defeating as a concept
What is: Social Relativism
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The words in categorical statements that name classes, or categories, of things are called terms. Each categorical statement has both a
What is: Subject term and a Predicate term
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1. Target Population or Target Group - the group as a whole, a collection of individuals (pickles in the barrel) 2. Sample members or Sample – observed members of the target group (observed pickles) 3. Relevant Property or Property in Question
What is: Enumerative induction terminology
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A moral value judgment that is general in nature. (what is right not just in a single case but in all similar cases).
What is: A moral principle
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A group of statements in which some of them (the premises) are intended to support another of them (the conclusion)
What is: Argument
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A philosophy of life A set of fundamental ideas that helps us make sense of world
What is: Worldview
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A: All S are P. (All cats are carnivores) = E: No S are P. (No cats are carnivores) = I: Some S are P. (Some cats are carnivores) = O: Some S are not P. (Some cats are not carnivores) = (name A, E, I, and O)
What is: A: universal affirmative E: universal negative I: particular affirmative O: particular negative
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We reason from premises about a state of affairs to an explanation for that state of affairs.
What is: Inference to the Best Explanation
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The 5 steps of Judging Scientific Theories
What is: Testability: Whether there’s some way to determine if a theory is true. Fruitfulness: The number of novel predictions made. Scope: The amount of diverse phenomenon explained. Simplicity: The number of assumptions made. Conservatism: How well a theory fits with existing knowledge.
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If you have never critically examined your beliefs...
What is: They are not truly yours
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The goal of critical thinking is, (3 steps)
What is: to “detect errors in our thinking, restrain attitudes and feelings that can disrupt our reasoning, and achieve enough objectivity to make critical thinking possible.”
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Sometimes you will have to translate the categorical statements found “in the wild” into “tamer” and clearer configurations of the standard forms. The challenge is to do these translations while being faithful to the meaning of the original. (The four parts needed)
What is: Subject Term Predicate Term Copula: the linking verb (either are or are not.) Quantifier: expresses the quantity (all, no, or some)
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The pattern or formula for Inference to the Best Explanation
What is: Phenomenon Q. E provides the best explanation for Q. Therefore, it is probable that E is true.
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We reason from premises about a state of affairs to an explanation for that state of affairs. (5 steps)
What is: 1. Identify the problem or pose a question. 2. Devise a hypothesis to explain the event or phenomenon. 3. Derive a test implication or prediction. 4. Preform the test. 5. Accept or reject the hypothesis.