Psychoactive Drugs & Drug Abuse
What type of drug is marijuana?
Marijuana does not fit neatly into a specific category of drugs as it has depressant, stimulant and hallucinogen properties.
__________________________ are a type of drug that slow down your brain function and often results in feelings of relaxation, peace, and sleepiness and in some cases, an intense euphoria.
Depressants
____________ argues that low self-control is what causes people to engage in crime and drug use and that lack of self-control in an individual is due to inadequate parenting as a child.
self-control theory or a General Theory of Crime (GTC)
When examining the link between drug use and violent crime, these types of drugs often become the main focus.
Stimulants
Many in the scientific and medical communities, including the American Medical Association (AMA), American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Psychiatric Association, view drug abuse as a _________.
disease
What are the three main categories of drugs?
Stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens
_______________________ are a type of drug that elevate your mood, increase your alertness and energy, increase heart and breathing rates, suppress your appetite and can cause a rush of euphoria.
Stimulants
__________________________argues that certain negative experiences or failures leads to strain and some individuals may turn to drugs to deal with this strain or negative emotions. There are essentially three sources of strain, including a) inability to achieve positive goals, b) loss of positive stimuli or c) the introduction of negative stimuli.
Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST)
According to Belenko, Houser, and Welsh (2012), more than _________________%of state prison inmates have indications of drug or alcohol abuse (e.g. were under the influence of drugs or alcohol at time of their offense OR have a history of substance abuse issues).
80%
What is the main reason why the DEA has not reschedule marijuana?
Although some studies have shown that marijuana has medical value, the studies that have been done do not meet the stringent criteria that the federal government requires to prove medicinal value (namely, controlled, large-scale clinical trials that demonstrate medicinal value AND establish adequate safety protocols for marijuana)and this is the main reason why the DEA has decided NOT to reschedule marijuana at this time.
What is the smokable form of powder cocaine called?
crack cocaine
The ____________________________ reduced the sentencing disparity for crack cocaine vs. powder cocaine from 100:1 to 18:1.
Fair Sentencing Act of 2010
_________________________________________ proposes that certain risk factors and personality traits explain various behaviors. For example, a large body of research has identified risk factors that explain BOTH drug use and delinquency. Some of these risk factors include: a “pleasure-seeking” personality, hostility, being a risk taker, having a parent with a substance abuse problem, poor parent-child relationship, inadequate parenting, early experimentation with alcohol and deviant peers.
General Risk Factor Theory or Problem Behavior Theory
The link between ________ and violence is very well-documented.
alcohol OR cocaine but especially alcohol
Illicit Fentanyl is often sold on the illegal drug market as a _______________________ or a ______________.
a powder OR pressed into pills to be made to look like a legit prescription opioid
Cocaine is derived from the leaves of the ___________, which is native to the Andean countries of South America.
coca shrub or coca plant
_____________________ is a federal law that limits the sale of precursor chemicals used to make meth (ephedrine, pseudoephedrine) to less than 3.6 grams per day and less 9 grams in a month. As a result of this law, stores must put medications (e.g. Sudafed, Claritan-D) that contain these ingredients behind the counter or in a locked cabinet and verify proof of identity for those purchasing them.
Combat Meth Epidemic Act (CMEA) of 2005
The _________________ model of drug abuse states that personal choice plays an important role in initiating and sustaining drug use and that drug abusers can stop or control their use but choose not to.
moral/behavioral issue model of drug abuse
Provide one argument in support of the moral/behavioral issue model of drug abuse.
a)many people use drugs in moderation, or experiment but never become dependent OR
b) the disease model implies that individuals are “helpless” in their ability to stop using but many individuals with substance abuse disorders go through periods of abstinence and some can stop using on their own.
Name one purpose of cutting agents.
Cutting agents are used to increase the volume of illicit drugs and sometimes include other drugs to enhance effects.
Heroin is derived from morphine, which is sourced from ______________.
opium poppies
Name one factor that impacts a drug's effect on behavior and mood.
How the drug is ingested (intravenous, smoking, snorting, swallowing)
Purity
Potency
The ________________ model states that addiction is a disease of the brain and symptoms of addiction as a disease include physical tolerance, physical reactions to withdrawal of the drug, cravings, changes in brain chemistry and loss of control over the use of the drug.
According to the Trafficked with Mariana van Zeller that we watched in class, what are the two main ways that illicit Fentanyl makes it way to the United States?
black market mail orders from China and via Mexico’s drug cartels and their drug trafficking networks
When an individual starts using drugs at a young age, this can lead to stunted_____________________.
emotional development or "arrested development"