Ch. 1
The authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts, relying on one's own judgment
Discretion
Embezzlement is what type of crime?
Occupational Crime
"Guilty Mind"
Theories that blame crime on lower-class who lacks power and basic needs
Social Structure Theory
Protection from double jeopardy
Fifth Amendment
A crime that equals a punishment of at least one year or more in prison
Felony
Crimes or "street crimes"
Visible Crimes
A punishment of less than one year in jail
Misdemeanor
Theory of crime that blames it on individual being exposed to more people who accept crime versus those against them
Theory of Differential Association
Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures
Fourth Amendment
The second layer of the wedding cake model
Lesser felonies
Crimes that threaten the well-being of society or disrupt society
Public Order Crimes
The defendant breaks a law in order to save themselves or prevent a greater harm.
Necessity
Supreme Court case that set up the rule that indigent defendants have a right to counsel when charged with serious crimes (6 months or more)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Excessive bail
Eight Amendment
Crimes that are considered wrong within themselves
Mala in se
A type of report/study created by law enforcement to help discover trends in crimes committed
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
The police induced the individual to commit a crime when he ordinarily would not have.
Entrapment
Supreme Court case that stated penalties for racially-motivated crimes do not violate criminal defendants' First Amendment rights
State v. Mitchell (1993)
Sixth Amendment
Right to a speedy trial
What are the three goals of the Criminal Justice System?
Doing Justice, Preventing Crime, Controlling Crime
A perspective of criminology that is from the Enlightenment Era and situates crime under rationale and free-will
Classical School
An test developed in England (1843) to assist with finding sane/insanity within a defendant
M'naghten Rule
A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and psychological factors.
Positivist School