Differential Association Theory
This criminologist introduced Differential Association Theory in the late 1930s.
Who is Edwin Sutherland?
Matza argued that drifting is not a commitment to crime but rather this.
What is experimenting with deviant behavior?
This theorist developed the Social Bond Theory.
Who is Travis Hirschi?
Labeling theory is also known by this alternative name.
What is societal reaction theory?
People with low self-control seek this kind of gratification.
What is immediate gratification?
According to Differential Association Theory, criminal behavior is not inherited but rather
What is learned?
These are used by individuals to justify their criminal actions while appearing to conform to societal norms.
What are techniques of neutralization?
This element refers to the investment in conventional activities like education and career.
What is commitment?
According to labeling theory, this process may embed individuals further into a criminal lifestyle.
What is processing through the criminal justice system?
Low self-control is linked to traits like risk-taking and lack of this.
What is patience or persistence?
Sutherland's theory includes this number of principles
What is nine?
This technique involves offenders viewing their victims as deserving of harm.
What is denial of the victim?
This element of the social bond refers to emotional ties to family and school.
What is attachment?
Labeling theory has been criticized for relieving individuals of this for their actions.
What is moral responsibility?
This parenting style is essential for developing self-control.
What is tough love or vigilant parenting?
Learning criminal behavior uses the same mechanisms as learning
What is conventional behavior?
Offenders using this technique claims no real harm was done.
What is denial of injury?
Hirschi's later work shifted focus from social control to this internal trait.
What is self-control?
This term refers to the idea that being labelled can lead someone to adopt a deviant identity.
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
Self-control theory views crime as a result of these natural human impulses.
What are pleasure-seeking and pain-avoidance?
A major limitation is that the theory doesn't account for these types of influences.
What are biological or psychological factors?
Offenders using this technique claim that authorities are hypocrites.
What is condemnation of the condemners?
Attachment to these types of peers can increase the likelihood of criminal behavior.
What are delinquent peers?
Critics say labeling theory places too much emphasis on this type of interaction.
What is formal interaction?
Unlike social control, self-control is considered to reside here.
What is within the individual?