Sampling
Exists when a conclusion based on a sample, or subset, of a larger population holds true for that population
Sample Generalizability
An experimental study conducted in a real-world setting
field experiment
Explain open ended vs close ended vs interpretive questions
Closed ended: fixed response choices
Open ended: no set response choices
Interpretive: Questions included in a questionnaire or interview schedule to help explain answers to other important questions
When asked whether their emotional state affected their driving at all, respondents would reply that their emotions had very little effect on their driving habits. Then, when asked to describe the circumstances surrounding their last traffic violation, respondents typically replied, “I was mad at my girlfriend,” or “I had a fight with my wife,” or “I was angry with my boss.”
The study of a culture or cultures that some group of people share, using participant observation over an extended period of time
ethnography
Analysis of data collected by someone other than the researcher or the researcher’ assistant
secondary data analysis
Exists when findings about one group, population, or setting hold true for other groups, populations, or settings; also called external validity
Cross-population generalizability
A research design in which there is a Comparison group that is comparable with the experimental group in critical ways, but subjects are NOT RANDOMLY ASSIGNED to the comparison and experimental groups
Name one thing to avoid when creating survey questions, explain the one you selected
confusing phasing and vagueness
negative words/double negatives
double barreled questions
making disagreement or agreement disagreeable
The changes in individual or group behavior that are due to being observed or otherwise studied
reactive effects
What are the 4 major types of secondary data
Surveys
Official Statistics
Official Records
Historical Documents
Any difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn
The higher this is, the less representative the sample is of the population
sampling error
Nomothetic causal explanations deal with _____ data.
Idiographic causal explanations deal with _____ data.
Nomothetic - quantitative
Idiographic - qualitative
Why is it important to collect demographic data
better understand sample and how generalizable it is
Demographics can be linked to outcomes, make sure that a demographic variable is not affecting your proposed relationship
EX: college students and drinking, class/age can affect results as seniors are more likely of drinking age
EX: measuring victimization, some demographics can be related to likelihood of victimization
What are the 3 roles a researcher can take when conducting participant observation
Complete observer
Participant and observer
covert participation
An approach to analysis and a set of methodological techniques that help researchers describe and explore relationships that both individuals and groups have with each other
social network analysis (SNA)
Sampling methods that allow us to know in advance how likely it is that any element will be selected from the population for inclusion in the sample
probability sampling methods
What are the 3 conditions necessary to determine causality
empirical association (are they related)
appropriate time order (IV before DV)
Nonspuriousness (no third variable causing the change)
What are the 5 basic survey designs
Mailed (self-administered) survey
Group-administered survey
Phone survey
In-person survey
Electronic or Web survey
Systematic theory developed inductively, based on observations that are summarized into conceptual categories, reevaluated in the research setting, and gradually refined and linked to other conceptual categories
grounded theory
What is one of the main functions of crime mapping
Provides visual and statistical analyses of the spatial nature of crime and other events.
Allows the linkage of crime data to other data sources, such as census information on poverty or school information, which allows relationships among variables to be established.
Provides maps to visually communicate analysis results.
Name an example of nonprobability sampling - what does that look like?
Availability Sampling: Sampling in which elements are selected on the basis of convenience
Quota Sampling: A nonprobability sampling method in which elements are selected to ensure that the sample represents certain characteristics in proportion to their prevalence in the population
Purposive Sampling: A nonprobability sampling method in which elements are selected for a purpose, usually because of their unique position
Snowball Sampling: A method of sampling in which sample elements are selected as they are identified by successive informants or interviewees
In your own words explain statistical control and its importance in experimental designs
A technique used in nonexperimental research to reduce the risk of spuriousness. One variable is held constant so the relationship between two or more other variables can be assessed without the influence of variation in the control variable
Are there any ethical considerations for survey research
main ethical issue: protecting respondents, bringing up past trauma (reliving), putting them in danger for retaliation for responding
keep information anonymous
inform them they can stop at any time
provide resources etc
Name 3 ethical issues in qualitative research
Voluntary Participation
Subject Well-Being
Identity Disclosure
Confidentiality
Establishing Boundaries
Maintaining Safety of Researchers in the Field
____ is a tool for systematic analysis of documents and other textual data. It requires careful testing and control of coding procedures to achieve reliable measures.
content analysis