Category 1
Abolished slavery in the United States.
13th Amendment
A fee required to vote, often used to disenfranchise African Americans.
Poll Tax
Landmark Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation as long as facilities were "separate but equal."
Plessy v Ferguson
Scholar and co-founder of the NAACP who advocated for immediate civil rights and full political representation for African Americans.
W.E.B. Du Bois
His killing would become the spark that ignited the modern Civil Rights movement
Emmett Till
Granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S.
14th amendment
A test used to deny suffrage to African Americans by requiring them to pass a difficult reading and writing test.
Literacy Test
The act of depriving a group of people, often based on race, of their voting rights.
Disenfranchisement
Leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) who promoted black nationalism and the Back-to-Africa movement.
Marcus Garvey
An organization founded in the 1940s that used nonviolent direct action to challenge segregation and discrimination.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
15th amendment
Allowed individuals to vote if their ancestors had been eligible to vote before the Civil War, effectively exempting many white voters from new voting restrictions.
Grandfather Clause
A civil rights organization founded in 1909 to fight for the rights of African Americans.
NAACP
Labor leader who organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and advocated for civil rights within the labor movement.
A. Philip Randolph
A controversial 1915 silent film that depicted the Ku Klux Klan as heroes and perpetuated racist stereotypes.
Birth of a Nation
A set of laws aimed at limiting the rights of African Americans and maintaining white supremacy.
Mississippi Plan
A system of racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern United States.
Jim Crow
Prominent African American leader and educator who advocated for vocational training and economic self-reliance.
Booker T. Washington
The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North in the early 20th century.
The Great Migration
Period in mid-1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots occurred in more than three dozen cities across the United States
Red Summer
A violent and often racially motivated form of vigilante justice
Lynching
Laws passed in Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the freedoms and rights of African Americans.
Black codes
Journalist and civil rights activist who documented and protested against lynching in the United States.
Ida B. Wells
The first African American to play Major League Baseball in the modern era, breaking the color barrier.
Jackie Robinson
He pioneered the sit-in technique and organized the Freedom Ride
James Farmer