Week 1
The three processes related to law and society that Edwin Sutherland defined criminology to study.
What are "making the laws", "breaking the laws", and "society’s reaction to breaking the laws"?
In Australia, the estimated annual expense of criminal activity is this staggering amount.
What is "$32 Billion"?
This theorist emphasized that crime, particularly under capitalism, serves to protect those in power.
Who is Karl Marx?
This theory assumes that individuals operate to maximize profits and minimize losses.
What is Rational Choice Theory?
The primary mission of this approach in criminology was the reduction or elimination of crime.
What is positivism?
An approach describing the act of violating criminal law, requiring both a guilty action and mindset.
What is the "Legalistic Approach"?
Besides administrative data, this is a main way of measuring crime through asking people about their experiences.
What are "Crime Victimisation Surveys"?
Large scale email frauds that appear as legitimate bank emails, seeking personal details, are known as?
What is phishing?
According to classical criminology, humans make decisions based on this type of analysis.
What is cost-benefit analysis?
Positivism places emphasis on these kinds of data due to its natural scientific methods and deductive reasoning.
What is quantitative data?
This approach suggests the "crime" label is dependent upon societal power brokers, governments, media, and public concerns.
What is "Crime as a Social and Political Construction"?
Before ending in this, an alleged offender might decide to plead guilty.
What is a "conviction"?
This theory by Cohen suggests that certain people or groups emerge as threats to societal values, often exaggerated by media.
What is moral panic?
This criminologist emphasized that the seriousness of a crime should be determined by the harm it inflicts on others.
Who is Beccaria?
This pseudoscience believed that the shape and bumps on one's skull could indicate criminal tendencies.
What is Phrenology?
This definition focuses on fundamental human rights and can encompass acts committed by nations or states.
What are "Human Rights definitions"?
This occurs when a reported incident doesn't make it into official crime statistics.
What is "loss after reporting"?
Violent crime is reported more than this type of crime which occurs 7 times more frequently.
What is property crime?
Newman suggested that for spaces to be secure, they should be observable and used, ensuring this form of control.
What is social control?
Positivism's belief that offenders can be distinctly separated from non-offenders through specific characteristics is termed as?
What is Differentiation?
Two contrasting terms used by media after Hurricane Katrina to describe individuals acquiring goods in floodwaters.
What are "finding" and "looting"?
These are the two main kinds of costs associated with crime, one immediate and one aftermath-focused.
What are "anticipation" and "post-crime response expenses"?
According to Gerbner's "cultivation analysis," heavy users of TV develop this.
What is a higher level of fear of crime?
This occurs when punishments for two crimes of different seriousness are the same, reducing the disincentive for the more severe crime.
What is an incentive imbalance?
According to the Gluecks' study, this body type was found to be more prevalent in the delinquent group.
What is mesomorph?