In terms of your measures, what is an important first step when doing research in another culture?
Have it reviewed by an expert (locals)
100
What is perhaps the biggest obstacle to effective methods and a successful study in another culture?
Your own expectations
100
Often taken for granted in the daily lives of western cultures, what is perhaps the simplest resource that will have the greatest impact on your methods of administration?
Electricity
100
Not all cultures value research equally. Give two reasons why this might be.
1. A history of exploitation 2. Primacy of oral versus written communication
100
Generally speaking, before embarking on a cross-cultural study, it is important to remember that ideas about time are NOT what?
Universal
200
The word "mad" has how many definitions in the Oxford American English Dictionary
6
200
Very popular and seemingly intuitive, these scales are used frequently in Western research, but are often more difficult to translate to another culture.
Likert
200
How many resources does it take to make and complete a hard-copy assent?
The team that comes the closest wins the question
11: paper, typing machine, printer, toner, electricity, money, xerox, more toner, pen, local expert, gasoline
200
Cultural-ecological theory says that as researchers we should pay simultaneous attention to what two things?
1. Aspects of the individuals who are the focus. 2. Aspects of the immediate, cultural, and historical context
200
What are some social or cultural factors that might explain why timeliness is more or less important in a given context?
1. lack of structured work day 2. resources to determine time, to ensure that thing happen on time 3. agrarian vs. industrial
300
After translating measures from American English into another language what is the next extremely important step?
Back-translating by a new/uniformed person
300
What are two advantages to conducting pencil-paper questionnaire assessments in smaller groups than you might ordinarily choose?
Ability to monitor language understanding. Ability to better manage participant questions. Participants may feel more comfortable.
300
What important questions should be considered when determining incentive for participation in a resource-poor area?
Is the distribution of participants random and fair? What could the lasting effect of this be? Is the compensation appropriate for the amount of work being asked relative to their standard compensation for work (i.e. paying $10 for an hour when normal pay is $0.50 an hour)
300
Generally speaking (and according to your book) children are raised to do what?
Become competent members of the culture to which they are born
300
In a culture where timeliness is less important how should developmental milestones be measured?
1. Relying on local expertise 2. comparison to age mates
400
In addition to enriching your data set, interview provide what extremely advantageous asset to your cultural ecology?
An improved understanding of nonverbal cues and communication
400
How could your stature (or lack their of) as a researcher bias your data in cross-cultural data collection?
In high status situations participants may attempt to divine the "correct" answer. In low status situations participants may undermine the validity of the data.
400
What is one advantage and what is one disadvantage of having a local expert serve as an assessor?
A: Can monitor non-verbal cues more accurately. D: May introduce bias or unintended meanings to questions
400
What are two seemingly positive and two seemingly negative expectations individuals in another culture may have of Western researchers that we must consider?
wealthy knowledgeable arrogant exploitative
400
If timeliness is not a cultural priority what are two potential strategies for convening a participant group?
1. co-opting a natural gathering time or place 2. personally finding all the participants 3. providing timed incentives (i.e. an activity beforehand, like soccer, to keep people around so that assessments can be conducted later)
500
Give two examples of idioms/expressions that could be misinterpreted by non American English speakers
"Lose their cool" "hang out" "blow off steam"
500
In terms of ethics, a main priority when constructing a measure of conducting an interview should be to not...
Introduce a previously absent idea that one's past experience have been traumatic.
500
If a local IRB or ethics committee is not available what are two precautions that you must take before conducting any research?
1. Clearing with your IRB 2. Talk with researchers who have gone before
500
Define the two forms of Expectancy Effects and explain why they are inherently more complex in cross-cultural research
1. Observer effect - they see what they expect to see 2. Subject effect - reports what they expect the observer wants to hear. WHY: Power/knowledge differential presumed to be greater. The bidirectional ecological understanding is likely to be more complicated and less correct when working cross culturally
500
What are the ethical concerns of incentivizing time in a resource-poor culture?
Time spend doing your assessment is not spent doing something that is perhaps necessary to the individual's success or survival. Additionally, as the relative greatness of the incentive increases, the power of you informed consent and voluntary participation becomes shaky.