Barbarian Invasions and Early Christianity
What is a Thing?
What is Wergild?
Germanic Tribes had large assemblies (called “Things”) to address major issues such as going to war or internal disputes.
Wergild = a fee that could be paid to avoid a blood feud when one person had injured or murdered another
Which Byzantine Emperor built the Hagia Sophia?
Justinian the Great
According to the Vikings, in the beginning, a vast area of nothingness lay between the realms of ice (Niflheim) and fire (Muspell). The area of nothingness was called the ________________________.
ginnungagap
List the reformed monastic orders from least to most strict.
Cluniacs
Cistercians
Carthusians
What were the seven Liberal Arts constituting the early stages of a medieval university education?
1. Grammar
2. Rhetoric
3. Logic
4. Astronomy
5. Arithmetic
6. Geometry
7. Music
In medieval Christianity, the seven sacraments of the church were . . .
1. Baptism
2. Confirmation
3. Confession
4. The Eucharist
5. Marriage
6. Ordination
7. Unction (anointing of the sick)
What was the Hegira?
Mohammed's escape to Medina so that he could escape persecution in Mecca in 622 CE.
What is the name of the elite military unit composed of Norsemen that personally guarded the Eastern Roman Emperor?
The Varangian Guard
Fermo, Spoleto, and Milan are all cities in Italy. How are they at the center of the conflict of between Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII?
Henry IV selected and appointed the bishops of these three Italian cities, committing Lay Investiture since he was a secular ruler outside of the church investing people with religious power. Pope Gregory VII strongly argued that secular rulers did not have the authority to commit Lay Investiture. So, he sent a firm letter to the emperor, instigating a violent conflict between Church and Kingdom.
Why did King Edward III refuse to help his 16-year-old son in the Battle of Crecy? Was this strategy risky?
He wanted his son to "earn his spurs" and to prove that he could exhibit the military prowess and gumption proper to a medieval king. That said, the numerous French calvary was smashing into the English troops under the charge of the Black Prince in successive waves.
What happened in 452 C.E.?
Atilla the Hun almost sacked Rome but was convinced not to by Pope Leo the Great who met him outside the city. According to legend, Saint Peter and Saint Paul appeared next to the pope during this encounter, terrifying Atilla.
What was the name of the holy city of Medina before it had this name?
Yathrib
When did the Battle of Hastings happen? What were the two sides of the battle?
1066
The Anglo-Saxons v. The Normans
What forced Richard the Lionheart to make a rushed peace treaty with Saladin during the Third Crusade?
King Phillip II of France and Richard's own brother John were conspiring in England together to take the English throne from Richard. Richard needed to rush home from the Holy Land to preserve his kingship.
Why do the fish in English Channel speak French?
They drank much French blood during the naval Battle of Sluys.
What is Eremitical Monasticism? What is Cenobitic Monasticism? Who founded each of these forms of Christian Monasticism?
•Eremitical Monasticism involves living in total isolation, often in deserts or abandoned structures. The founder was St. Anthony the Great.
•Cenobitic Monasticism involves monks living together as a community outside of normal society. The founder was St. Benedict.
What is the Gelasian Doctrine?
The sacred authority of priests is sacerdotium, and the royal power is regnum.
Sacerdotium is more important than regnum since priests have charge over the souls of all people even kings at the Last Judgement.
What military tactic did the Anglo-Saxons employ at the Battle of Hastings?
Forming a defensive shield wall at the top of Senlac Hill
In Boccacio's description of the spread of the Black Death, what are gavoccioli?
"The sickness first showed itself through lumps in the groin or the armpits, some of which grew as large as an apple, others as large as an egg, some more, some less. The common folk called those lumps gavoccioli."
After King Henry IV deposed his own cousin Richard II from the English throne, how did he discourage supporters of his cousin from staging a coup?
He put his cousin's corpse on public display in the Tower of London.
Over what river did the Vandals sneak to get into the borders of the Roman Empire?
The Rhine River
Why is it significant that Charlemagne received the title "Emperor of the Romans" from Pope Leo III in 800 CE?
While the Western Roman Empire had fallen 324 years earlier, the Eastern Roman Empire (also known as the Byzantine Empire) still considered itself the only legitimate claimant to the legacy of Ancient Rome and the Franks as Germanic barbarians. Accordingly, gaining this title led to Charlemagne losing an important ally. Further, he received no additional territory with this title.
What is enfeoffment?
The ceremony in which a Lord granted a parcel of land to a Vassal
In the Gothic style of cathedral architecture, thinner walls are supported by arched supports called __________________________ on the outside of the cathedral.
Flying Buttresses
If the English conquered this French city, they would gain access to central France and control the Loire River. Accordingly, they would then be in a good position to take over the rest of France and win the entire war.