Musculoskeletal System
What are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton?
What are the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum and what is the shoulder girdle (left and right scapula and clavicle); bones of the arms, wrists, and hands; pelvic girdle (left and right coxal or innominate bones); and the bones of the legs, ankles, and feet)
This muscle fiber type is commonly found in cross country athletes
Type I (slow twitch)
Other muscle fiber types:
Type IIa (fast twitch, greater capacity for aerobic metabolism)
Type IIx (fast twitch, less capillaries surrounding, more susceptible to fatigue)
The cardiovascular system is composed of these three.
What is the heart, blood vessels, and blood
This is the main function of the respiratory system
Basic exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
A protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium ions
What are the three types of joints and the categories of directions they can rotate through?
Fibrous (allowing virtually no movement), cartilaginous (allow limited movement), and synovial joints (allowing considerable movement)
Uniaxial joints (operate as a hinge and rotating about one axis), biaxial joints (allow movement about two perpendicular axes), and multi axial joints (allow movement about all three perpendicular axes that define space)
Proprioceptors that consist of modified fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue
Intrafusal fibers
These two valves prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria during ventricular contraction
Tricuspid and mitral (collectively atrioventricular valve)
Aortic and pulmonary prevent back flow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation
What is warming, humidifying, and purifying the air
Tropomyosin
Runs the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix
Smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle
What is a sarcomere, containing myosin and actin filaments
Myosin: thick filament, consists of a globular head, a hinge point, and a fibrous tail
Actin: thin filament, two strands arranged in a double helix
When the muscle lengthens, what is stretched and what is then activated?
Spindles are stretch and deformation activates the sensory neuron
The transport of oxygen is accomplished by which molecule?
Hemoglobin carried by red blood cells
These are the two main ways for respiration
What is the diaphragm and raising the rib cage
Actin and myosin need each other to contract, which positions of the muscles make it harder for cross bridge actin alignment.
In stretched muscles when the I bands and H zones are elongated and in a contracted muscle because of the overlap of actin
The structural hierarchy of skeletal muscle
Myofilaments (actin and myosin)
Myofibril
Muscle Fiber
Endomysium
Fasciculus (group of muscle fibers)
Perimysium
Epimysium
What are Golgi tendons for and what are they attached end to end with?
provide a mechanism that protects against the development of excessive tension and minimal at low forces and when placed under extremely heavy forces, reflexive inhibition mediated by GTPs causes the muscle to relax
end to end with extrafusal muscle fibers
The flow of blood follows this order
What is/are the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, vein, heart
Pleural pressure is a defined as
What is the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura that is normally slightly negative. Since the lung is an elastic structure, during normal inspiration the expansion of the chest cage is able to pull on the surface of the lungs and create a more negative pressure
The sarcomere has a very specific structure for muscle contraction and is set up in what way
Drawing of Sarcomere
A muscle fiber has these characteristics, which muscle fiber type is it?
Slow nerve conduction velocity, high myoglobin content, and low sarcoplasmic reticulum complexity
Steps of Muscle Contraction
What is
1. Initiation of ATP splitting causes myosin head to be energized that allows it to move and bond with actin
2. The release of phosphate form ATP causing the myosin head to change shape and shift
3. This pulls the actin filament in toward the center of the sarcomere; ADP is released
4. After power stroke, myosin head detaches from the actin but only after another ATP binds to the myosin head to facilitate detachment
5. Myosin head is now ready to bind to another acid and the cycle continues as long as ATP and ATPase are present and calcium is bound to the troponin
The composition of the conduction system
What are the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, left bundle branch, right bundle branch, and purkinje fibers
The process of diffusion is and the energy for diffusion is provided by
What is molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane. The energy for diffusion is provided by the kinetic motion of the molecules themselves
Steps of the Sliding Filament Theory of Muscular Contraction
Basic understanding: actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber
Resting phase (under normal conditions little calcium is present in the myofibril so few of the myosin crossbridges are bound to actin)
Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase (stimulated sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions, calcium binds with troponin, causing a shift to occur with tropomyosin, myosin cross bridge attaches rapidly to actin filament, allowing force to be produces as the actin filaments are pulled towards the center of the sarcomere)
Contraction phase (energy for pulling action comes from hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate. Another molecule of ATP replaces ADP on the myosin crossbridge globular head so the head can detach from the active actin site to allow further contraction of relaxation)
Relaxation Phase (occurs when the stimulation of the motor nerve stops, calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to prevent the link between actin and myosin filaments)