Biological Energy Systems
What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism
Anabolism: building-up process
Catabolism: breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
The phosphogen system provides ATP primarily for
Short term, high intensity activities like resistance training and sprinting
What is a byproduct of lactate?
Hydrogen
What are two activities that the oxidative system is the primary source of energy?
At rest and during low intensity, long duration activities
What is a main limiting factor in exercise?
Glycogen depletion
Define bioenergetics
the flow of energy in a biological system
When is the phosphagen system most active?
At the start of all exercise regardless of intensity, 5-30 seconds
When pyruvate is shuttled to the mitochondria, what process does it undergo?
Krebs cycle (slow glycolysis)
Glucose → Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain
During slow glycolysis, how much ATP can NADH and FADH provide?
NADH: 3
FADH: 2
What is the duration of the creatine phosphate pathway?
5-30 seconds
What macronutrient can be metabolized for energy without the direct involvement of oxygen
Carbohydrate
How does the phosphagen system run?
On the hydrolysis of ATP and breakdown of Creatine-Phosphate
What are the two pathways for pyruvate once it has been converted from carbohydrates
Can be converted to lactate (fast) Glucose → Pyruvate → Lactate
or can be shuttled to mitochondria (slow)
What is the Net ATP including the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain?
38 ATP if beginning with blood glucose
39 ATP if beginning with muscle glycogen
What adaptations are targeted by interval training?
Bioenergetic
adaptions for a more efficient energy transfer within metabolic pathways
by using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest
Where does the phosphates system take place
Which muscle fiber type has a higher concentration of CP?
Type II
What are the two primary mechanisms for resynthesizing ATP during metabolism?
Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative: resynthesis of ATP in the ETC
Substrate-Level: resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathway
What is it called when protein is broken down for energy, and what is used to be converted to glucose, pyruvate, or other various Krebs cycle intermediates
Gluconeogenesis, Amino Acids
During an event that lasts 2-3 minutes, which is/are the primary energy system(s)
Fast glycolysis and oxidative system
What does sodium-potassium ATPase do?
It's an enzyme that maintains the sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization
How much ATP is stored in our body at any given time?
80-100g
What are the steps of the Cori cycle?
Lactate is produced, shuttled to liver, converted back to glucose, then releasing this glucose into the muscle
What is beta oxidation and how many molecules of ATP can be produced
A series of reactions where the free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons and 300
What is a proper work to rest ratio for the phosphagen system and what percent of max power should be used?
1:12 to 1:20 with 90-100% power