General
Knowledge
Knowledge
A problem with communication as a result of damage to the brain or part of the nervous system. What is this?
Neurogenic Communication Disorder
The ability to chose, apply, and evaluate a strategy to solve a problem is known as...
Problem Solving
What are the two different nervous systems? How are they different?
The CNS: composed of the brain, brain stem, and the spinal cord
The PNS: composed of the nerve tracts that connect to the rest of the body
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Temporal, parietal, frontal, occipital
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
Name 3 places where an SLP can work.
Skilled Nursing Facility, Acute Care, Rehab Facility, Outpatient Rehab, Home Healthcare, Hospice, Children's Hospital, and Schools
The ability to direct attention to stimuli...
Orienting
These are the cells responsible for transmitting and processing information...
Neurons
Explain one of the lobe's functions and why it is important to speech.
-Frontal: expressive language, personality and some memory, motor movements
-Parietal: spatial information processing, how things fit together, left visual field processing
-Temporal: most memories are created and stored, primary auditory complex
-Occipital: transmits visual information, receives information from eyes
-Opthalmic: sends sensory information from upper face, forehead, and scalp to CNS
-Maxillary: sends sensory information from the teeth, upper lip, buccal, nasal cavities, and sides of the face to CNS
-Mandibular: sends sensory information from the lower teeth, lower gums, bottom lips, portions of the tongue to the CNS. AND also sends motor information to help with chewing
Explain the differences between Cognition, Speech, and Language.
Cognition: Ability to process thought
Speech: Sounds the mouth makes when producing words
Language: symbol set to communicate meaning (can be written, spoken, or signed)
The ability to interrupt the overall meaning of details...
Inferencing
Neurons transmit these to provide information to the body...Name both types.
-Sensory: afferent information
-Motor: efferent information
If an individual has damage to their right side of the brain they would experience...
Deficits in: prosody, facial expressions, melody and rhythm, perception of environmental sounds, macrostructure, visuospatial processing, sustained attention, selective attention
What are the four branches of the Facial Nerve (CN VII)?
-Temporal
-Zygomatic
-Buccal
-Mandibular
What is the difference between Expressive and Receptive Language? Use an example.
Expressive Language are words we assign to our ideas to express the meaning of our thoughts to others. (e.g. sharing an idea)
Receptive Language is the ability to understand spoked or written language. (e.g. taking someone's food order)
The ability to hold finite amount of information for immediate processing and manipulation...
Working Memory
These provide structural support and important background functions as neurons...
Neuroglia
Explain the difference between Broca's Aphasia and Wernicke's Aphasia.
-Broca's Aphasia: individual knows what they want to say however they cannot find the right words to use, receptive language it usually intact
-Wernicke's Aphasia: individual in unable to comprehend speech with their own speech often being devoid of meaning
What is the difference between bilateral innovation and unilateral innovation?
-Bilateral innovation: receives motor plans from both contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres, protective redundancy allows the body part to still function if one cerebral hemisphere is damaged
-Unilateral innovation: receives motor plans from the contralateral hemisphere of motor movement, no protective redundancy
1. Processing of verbal language slows though remains entirely functional.
2. Reading slows though remains entirely functional.
3. Word finding of proper names and confrontational naming.
The ability to recall specific and recent events...
Episodic Memory
Neuroglia are made up of these 4 things, what are they?
-Oligodentrites: produce myelin within the CNS
-Astrocytes: partially establishes the blood-brain barrier and forms glial scars to restrict information
-Microglia: immunological cells
-Schwann Cells: produces myelin for the PNS
Name the two sulci of the cerebral hemisphere and their functions...
-Central Sulcus: divides the frontal and parietal lobes
-Lateral Sulcus: divides the temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes
Explain the Vagus Nerve (CN X).
-Important for speech
-Both sensory and motor information
-Innervates the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx through various branches
-RLN: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (Right and Left)