Preschool Age Language
a child’s ability to understand someone else’s mental state
theory of mind
What does literacy development begin?
in infancy!!!!! (Newman, Ratner, Juszcyk, & Juszcyk, 2006)
By what age are children presenting with expressive vocabulary that expands to 2,600 words and receptive vocabulary to 24,000 words.
6-8 years of age
Piaget (1954) considers adolescents to be in the _________________ stage when their cognitive skills allow them to understand more abstract concepts (e.g., emotions, figurative language)
In older school-age kids, a lot of vocabulary is learned when children are actually not directly taught these words. This is called...
incidental/implicit learning (Akhtar, Jipson, & Callanan, 2001)
All children present with speech production errors that result in a simplification of the target word. These speech sound patterns of error are called...
phonological processes
Metalinguistic awareness refers to the ability to use language to think/talk about language.
True or false: Learning another language (bilingualism) actually promotes metalinguistic awareness.
True
An expression that cannot be understood just from the meaning of its separate words, such as "walking on eggshells"
idiom
Which type of discourse is important for older school age kids, and is present in nonfiction articles, informational books, instruction manuals, and textbooks (e.g., history, anatomy, mathematics, politics, or science)?
expository discourse
Narratives for older school-age children contain an underlying structure that includes the following elements: settings, initiating events, internal responses, and a plan to solve the problem.
Think of the monkey narrative that was shown in class. A problem or an event, such as a surprise party, is an example of which element?
initiating event (Stein & Glenn, 1979)
a child’s ability to map a concept onto the symbol (word) after minimal exposure to a word
fast mapping
By age 3, children are starting to think and communicate about their world in more complex ways. They're learning to communicate about people, objects, and events that are not actually present. This is known as ______ language.
decontextualized
Figurative expressions that express a thought or truth (e.g., Practice makes perfect); difficult to learn, sometimes rooted in cultural traditions
proverbs
A cognitive skill that is essential for school-age kids when presented with illogical beliefs or ideas; involves the analysis of the content of a spoken or written text for accuracy and logic
critical thinking and/or verbal reasoning (Nippold, Frantz-Kaspar, Cramond, Kirk, Hayward-Mayhew, & MacKinnon, 2014)
Topic-centered narratives are organized around a single object or event and narratives have a clear beginning, middle, and end. Which type of narrative is organized as a series of anecdotes or episodes and narratives do not adhere to a linear pattern but may reflect other structural and thematic patterns?
Topic-associated narratives
Syntax develops quickly in preschool-age children. Noun phrases and verb phrases develop in stages. In both noun phrases and verb phrase development, the first stage is usually made up of only 2-word utterances. True or false?
Story grammar elements in preschool age children include: characters, setting, solution, and a plot. What's missing?
problem
This fatty substance forms a protective sheath around synapses, allowing signals in the brain to travel faster and more efficiently; but overstimulation, such as during excessive screen use in early childhood, can slow its growth and hinder language learning
The four types of metalinguistic knowledge that characterize the school-age child’s language development (Gleason & Ratner, 2017) include phonological awareness, semantic awareness, pragmatic awareness, and... ?
syntactic awareness
Adolescents using language by adjusting to listeners' characteristics and needs, trying to change a listener's opinion, and anticipating the needs of the listeners' responses to counterarguments is an example of which type of discourse?
persuasive discourse
A preschool-age child who uses language to tell stories and to role-play, according to Halliday (1975) would be using which communicative function?
imaginative
By age 4y, children learn that print is organized from left to right, has it's own rules and conventions, for example that a grocery list is organized differently than a storybook. This is called...
print awareness
By age 6y, children understand SIMPLE words or phrase that describes a person, object, or event by referring to a similar characteristic. These are known as...
metaphors
Abstract thought in adolescents focuses a lot on moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning. One example of this is when these kids are asked to form conclusions based on a couple of otherwise true statements. For example, if A=B, and B=C, then A=?
deductive reasoning
Growth in the domain of morphosyntax for children in the middle to late school-age years and adolescence is characterized by an increase in a) ____ and b) ____
length and complexity