Anatomy
VP sphincter compression is greater for (low or high) vowels
What are high vowels?
This is the largest laryngeal cartilage
What is the Thyroid Cartilage?
Peaks in the output spectrum are called these.
What are Formants?
The perception theory requiring a special speech-decoding mechanism is this one
What is the Motor theory?
This lobe is responsible for executive functions like planning and decision-making that support organized communication.
What is the frontal lobe?
This intrinsic muscle is a key adductor of the vocal folds.
What is the LCA (lateral cricoarytenoid)?
The larynx has two pairs of joints: the _________ and the cricoarytenoid joints.
What are the cricothyroid joints?
Consonants like stops, fricatives, and affricates belong to this broad class characterized by a constriction that creates obstruction.
What are Obstruents?
Lexical access uses both of these processing directions.
What are top-down and bottom-up?
This lobe is linked to object recognition, sensory integration, and body awareness.
What is the Parietal Lobe?
The pharynx has this many “core” muscles.
What is 6?
The vocal folds are approximately this size
What is a thumbnail?
Increasing tongue height tends to decrease this formant
What is F1?
In acoustic vowel theory, the sound source is generated here before it is shaped by the filter.
What are the vocal folds?
In neuroanatomy basics, these are defined as clusters of cell bodies deep within the cerebral hemispheres.
What are the subcortical nuclei?
Three of the pharyngeal muscles are the superior, middle, and inferior of this group
What are constrictors?
In a set of “nasal dilator options,” this muscle is often the “odd one out” because it isn’t literally named “nasal dilator,” though it can help flare the nostril.
What is the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi?
Tongue fronting/advancement tends to increase this formant
What is F2?
Motor Theory was motivated by the idea that this makes stable acoustic “invariants” hard to rely on.
What is Acoustic Variability?
This is the anatomical site where information is transferred between neurons.
What is a Synapse?
The oropharynx has an approximate forward bend of about this angle.
What is 90 degrees?
Outer nose movements are involved in breathing events and this second function.
What is emotional signaling?
This movement tends to lower all formant frequencies
What is lip-rounding?
A common way to demonstrate categorical perception is with a continuum that manipulates this stop-consonant timing variable.
What is VOT (voice onset time)?
This brain lobe is primarily responsible for auditory processing and is strongly associated with language comprehension (classically Wernicke’s area).
What is the Temporal Lobe?
This is the typical movement path of the velum.
What is up-and-back, down-and-forward?
When oral and nasal resonators are coupled, the spectrum can show these spectral “dips.”
What are antiresonances?
This measure requires F2 onset and F2 target.
What is a locus equation?
This is the name for the way neighboring sounds influence what we hear
What is Coarticulation?
These are the three major tracts that connect the cerebellum to the central nervous system.
What are the cerebellar peduncles?
The larynx has two pairs of joints: the _________ and the cricoarytenoid joints.
What are the cricothyroid joints?
A nasal vowel spectrum contains resonances from both the oral cavity and this other cavity system.
What are nasal cavities?
If the tongue is sealed airtight to the hard palate, airway resistance is this value.
What is infinite?
In the source–filter model, this part of the system shapes the resonances that we observe as formants.
What is the Vocal Tract?
This theory explains how a constriction’s location changes formant frequencies by altering pressure and airflow (velocity) distributions in the vocal-tract “tube.”
What is Perturbation Theory?