Definitions
Define 'innate'
Abilities present in the human brain for learning language.
What are the 5 main components of language?
Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
What language element does MLU measure?
Syntax
How are language and literacy development connected?
Skills are interwoven and benefit each other. Strong oral language skills facilitate learning to read and reading increases oral language skills.
When do children typically start combining 2 or more words?
2 years
Define 'phonological awareness'
The awareness of and ability to work with sounds in spoken language.
Functions of Wernicke's area vs. Broca's area
Wernicke's area controls the ability to understand the meaning of words
Broca's area (in conjunction with the motor cortex) controls the ability to speak those words
Identify a major acquired skill/milestone for...
Toddlers in the area of morphology/syntax
Begins 2-word utterances; verbs begin to emerge; uses in and on prepositions; uses negation; MLU= 1.5-3.0
Explain the difference between simultaneous language acquisition and sequential language acquisition.
Simultaneous language acquisition is when 2+ languages are both learned before age 5. Sequential language acquisition is when additional language(s) is learned after age 5.
Describe the difference between function words and content words. Give an example of each.
Function: is, to, are, etc.
Content: jump, apple, etc.
Define 'code mixing/switching'
Alternating between two languages within a single constituent, sentence, or discourse.
Explain productivity/generativity
Words can be reorganized
Give an example sentence using the following grammatical morpheme: irregular 3rd person present tense
He goes; she has; etc.
How can hearing loss affect children’s speech production?
Final consonant omission, voiced consonants produced in place of voiceless consonants, difficulty perceiving fricatives and stops especially when unvoiced
What factors are known to affect language development in children with hearing loss?
Age of onset, age of identification & management, type of loss, pitches affected, richness of language exposure
Define 'incidental learning'
Learning new words through exposure to conversation.
Examples of executive function skills
Task initiation, planning, impulse control, attention and focus
Give an example of an indirect request
Example: "Oh, those cookies smell good!" (Intent: "Give me a cookie")
Indirect requests require the listener to interpret the speaker's intent.
Describe the typical process of second language acquisition.
Silent period, transfer, interlanguage, fossilization, code switching, language loss
Describe the role of parents/caregivers in the development of early interactions.
Ascribe meaning to reflexes; provide language input and stimulation.
Define 'metacognition'
Awareness and understanding of one's own thought process.
Explain Nativism vs. Empiricism
Nativism: Much of humans' cognitive ability is innate
Empiricism: Humans' cognitive abilities are the result of learning from experience
What are 3 syntactic structures that are usually developed in the school years?
Reflexives, adjective ordering, gerunds
What factors can affect language development in children learning more than one language?
First/primary language development, age, level of immersion, similarity between language structures, ability/disability status
How can literacy development be supported in the preschool years?
Print-rich environment, shared book reading (CROWD prompts), phonological awareness play and symbolic play