1
What are the four main types of animal tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues
What does homeostasis help maintain in the body?
A stable internal environment
What is the primary difference between osmoregulators and osmoconformers?
Osmoregulators maintain constant internal osmolarity; osmoconformers match their environment
What is the male reproductive structure in a flower called?
Stamen
What structure allows electrical signals to travel between neurons?
Synapse
What type of muscle tissue is both striated and involuntary?
Cardiac muscle
How do endotherms regulate their body temperature?
By generating heat through metabolism
What process leads to the formation of three germ layers in an embryo?
Gastrulation
What role does the hypothalamus play in homeostasis?
It integrates the nervous and endocrine systems
How do B cells and T cells function in adaptive immunity?
B cells produce antibodies; T cells carry out cell-mediated responses
What are two environmental cues that regulate plant reproduction?
Photoperiod and temperature
What is the significance of homologous structures in evolution?
They indicate common ancestry
What is countercurrent exchange and where is it found?
A mechanism for efficient transfer of heat or gases, found in gills and kidneys
How do sensory receptors transduce physical stimuli into neural signals?
By converting stimuli like light, sound, or chemicals into electrical impulses
Why are amniotic eggs evolutionarily significant?
They allow reproduction away from water
What are the main differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Gymnosperms produce seeds without flowers; angiosperms produce flowers and fruits
Explain the full reflex arc pathway.
Sensory neuron detects stimulus, signal goes to spinal cord, motor neuron activates a response
How do vaccines stimulate long-term immunity?
By producing memory cells that recognize specific antigens
What is adaptive radiation and what triggers it?
Rapid diversification of a species to fill new ecological niches, often after extinction events
What role do auxin and gibberellins play in plant reproduction?
They regulate growth and control flowering timing