Catholic Church and the French Revolution
In 1789, this document by the National Assembly declared freedom of religion but stripped the Church of special status.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
This text, found with the Dead Sea Scrolls, tells of the visions and journeys of a patriarch who “walked with God.”
What is the Book of Enoch?
Born Rodrigo Borgia, he became infamous for nepotism, bribery, and corruption.
Who was Pope Alexander VI?
This heresy taught that the material world was evil and rejected Catholic sacraments.
Who were the Cathars?
This French king pressured Pope Clement V to settle the papal court in Avignon.
Who was Philip IV (Philip the Fair)?
This pope denounced the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and excommunicated priests who swore loyalty to it.
Who was Pope Pius VI?
This apocryphal gospel describes young Jesus molding clay birds and bringing them to life.
What is the Gospel of Thomas?
This pope is accused of involvement in the murder of two predecessors and began the so-called “pornocracy” of the papacy.
Who was Pope Sergius III?
This group criticized wealth in the Church and demanded lay preaching in the vernacular. They were condemned at the Third Lateran Council in 1179.
Who were the Waldensians?
The Papal States began in 754 when this Frankish king donated conquered lands to Pope Stephen II.
Who was Pepin the Short? (Pepin III)
In 1793, the cathedral of Notre Dame was rededicated to this abstract concept.
What is the Goddess of Reason (or Reason)?
This 2nd-century text, once popular in some churches, features an allegorical shepherd teaching repentance.
What is the Shepherd of Hermas?
Elected at about age 18, he was accused of turning the papal palace into a brothel.
Who was Pope John XII?
This movement, based in 14th century England, denied transubstantiation and called for vernacular scripture translations.
Who were the Lollards?
The Papal States reached their peak size under this medieval dynasty that gave lands to the papacy.
Who were the Carolingians?
In 1793, thousands of Catholics, including priests and nuns, were massacred in this royalist and Catholic uprising in western France.
What is the Vendée Uprising?
This apocryphal Acts describes the apostle’s adventures in India, including the famous story of a talking donkey.
What are the Acts of Thomas?
He is the only pope to reign three separate times and is remembered for selling the papacy.
Who was Pope Benedict IX?
Followers of this Czech reformer challenged indulgences and papal authority, and many were later crushed at the Council of Constance.
Who were the Hussites?
This treaty in 1929 finally resolved the Roman Question, creating Vatican City as a sovereign state.
What is the Lateran Treaty?
This 1801 agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII re-established Catholicism in France but kept Church lands in state hands.
What is the Concordat of 1801?
This 2nd-century gospel describes Jesus’ descent into hell between his death and resurrection.
What is the Gospel of Nicodemus (or Acts of Pilate)?
In 897, he ordered the corpse of his predecessor Formosus exhumed and put on trial in the grotesque “Cadaver Synod.”
Who was Pope Stephen VI?
This sect, condemned in 1312, denied the legitimacy of Church hierarchy and papal authority, seeing the Church as hopelessly corrupt.
Who were the Fraticelli?
In 1088, this pope reorganized papal government in Rome and expanded Papal States authority during the Investiture Controversy.
Who was Pope Urban II?