Understanding culture
A definition of culture
Culture is the shared system of beliefs, values, behaviors, customs, symbols, and knowledge that a group of people use to interpret and interact with the world. It is transmitted across generations and shapes social norms, identity, and ways of life
What is the difference between an independent and an interdependent self-concept?
An independent self-concept focuses on personal identity and autonomy, while an interdependent self-concept emphasizes relationships and group belonging.
What theory did Geert Hofstede develop?
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory.
What is acculturation?
The process of cultural and psychological change when individuals or groups come into contact with a different culture.
Name the three approaches to understanding culture.
Evoked Culture, Transmitted Culture, Cultural Universals
How does culture influence emotional expression according to Paul Ekman’s research?
Some emotions, like happiness and sadness, are universally recognized, but cultural display rules dictate when and how emotions should be expressed.
Name two of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions.
Examples: Power distance, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation, Indulgence vs. Restraint
what is a culture shock
The feeling of disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar culture.
What is the main difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture?
Evoked culture is shaped by environmental factors, whereas transmitted culture consists of learned behaviors and traditions.
What is self-enhancement, and how does it vary across cultures?
Self-enhancement refers to how individuals present themselves positively. In individualistic cultures, it may be through self-promotion, while in collectivist cultures, it may focus on group harmony.
How does a high power distance culture differ from a low power distance culture?
High power distance cultures accept hierarchical structures and authority, whereas low power distance cultures value equality and democratic participation.
Why do some traditional cultural practices persist despite globalization, while others disappear?
Some traditions persist because they are deeply tied to identity, religion, or community (e.g., indigenous languages, traditional medicine), while others fade due to convenience, modernization, or external cultural pressures
Give an example of a cultural universal.
Belief in supernatural forces, gods, spirits, or cosmic order is present in all societies.
How does religion function as a transmitted culture?
Religion passes on traditions, values, and moral systems from generation to generation, influencing societal norms and individual behaviors.
What challenges arise when applying Hofstede’s cultural dimensions to multinational corporations?
Hofstede’s dimensions are broad generalizations that may not account for individual differences, regional variations, or corporate cultures, making it difficult to predict behavior in a multinational workplace.
How does cultural adaptation differ from cultural loss?
Adaptation involves adjusting cultural practices while maintaining identity, whereas cultural loss means traditions and customs are abandoned.
Is personality shaped more by genetics or cultural environment? Explain.
It is debated, but many believe that while genetics play a role, cultural environment has a significant impact on shaping personality traits and behaviors.
Do cultures have distinctive personality profiles? Explain with an example.
Some studies suggest cultures shape personality traits; for example, East Asian cultures may emphasize humility and harmony, whereas Western cultures prioritize assertiveness and individualism.
Can Hofstede’s dimensions fully explain cultural differences? Why or why not?
Not entirely, because cultures are dynamic and influenced by historical, political, and economic factors beyond Hofstede’s model.
How does cultural perspective shape ethical beliefs and moral values?
What is considered right or wrong can vary based on cultural teachings, religious beliefs, and societal norms, such as attitudes toward gender roles or individual freedom.