Millner Ch. 2
what is the cradle-to-prison pipeline
The CTPP is a term that "explicitly acknowledges that because of structural, systemic, institutional, and societal challenges and barriers that produce inequity, inequality, racism, and various other forms of discrimination, some students are pushed toward prison as soon as they are born" (Milner, p. 33).
What are the four elements of effective instruction?
Critical Reflective Practices
Building Class Community
High Student Engagement in Content
Positive Framing
How can Orthographic Mapping Occur
Decoding - (requires phoneme blending) leads to orthographic mapping
Processing of transforming graphemes into phonemes and blending left-->right to identify a word.
Encoding - (requires phoneme segmentation)
Process of transferring phonemes into graphemes by pulling phonemes apart and identifying each corresponding grapheme as spelled in English.
Ability to simultaneously view a word and connect letters and sounds as it is pronounced
What are some recommendations on how school leaders can prioritize disciplinary literacy? List 3 methods or areas of focus.
- auditing existing literacy practices
- creating subject-specific literacy plans
- supporting teachers to define effective reading, writing, and talking
- evaluating the quality and complexity of existing reading material
- Disciplinary literacy is coherently aligned with curriculum development
What matters most for college graduation according to predictors of student success?
What matters most is how well students perform in their courses, more so than what courses they take or what their test scores are. GPA or class rank are vastly better at predicting college performance and graduation than test scores or coursework.
What are some inside-of-school factors cited for underlying CTPP
Students getting tough or "zero-tolerance" policies
Subjective teacher and administration practices
Lack of educator preparation in understanding race and class
Criminalization of school facilities
How can teachers use critical self-reflection to better their teaching approach.
Deep reflection that focuses on where teachers can improve themselves, their own advantages, privileges, and understanding of who/where they are in life for each term to better reach their students. Knowing where we have made mistakes or subjective punishments and being able to reflect critically on why we did what we did is a step in the right direction to rid ourselves of that problematic reasoning.
What are Ehri's Phases of Reading
Pre-alphabetic (visual cues)
Partial Alphabetic - beginning se of letter/sounds, usually guesses
Full Alphabetic - can decode slowly using/sound knowledge and blending repeated exposure to words
Consolidated Alphabetic - recognizing chunks to decode rather than individual phonemes (recognizing -ing, un-, pre-, -ed, -ang)
Automatic - Word recognition effortless - most read instantly on "sight" or orthographic memory
What are the three tiers of vocabulary (Recommendation 2)?
Tier 3: Subject-specific vocabulary.
Tier 2: High-frequency words found in many different subject disciplines.
Tier 1: Words of everyday speech, familiar to most students.
What are the 5 categories of Noncognitive Factors
Academic Behaviors - going to class, doing homework, organizing materials, participating, and studying
Academic Perseverance - grit, tenacity, delayed gratification, self-discipline, self-control
Academic Mindsets - belonging to the academic community, competence and growth with effort, belief in self to succeed, and that work has value
Learning Strategies - study skills, metacognitive strategies, self-regulated learning, goal-setting
Social Skills - interpersonal skills, empathy, cooperation, assertion, responsibility
How has increased security negatively impacted students in the school setting?
The presence of all three security measures (cameras, metal detectors, and security personnel) has simulated a prison environment for students, creating an "additive phenomenon"
How can we integrate critical self-reflection into our daily lesson planning
How should teachers develop their instruction around Phonology?
- position in a word for a letter/sound
- surrounding letters
- syllable type (cat v. bacon)
In the beginning, attention to be on individual phonemes since "2/3 of most common rimes are entirely consistent with phoneme-letter pairings" (p. 14).
Explain what a Situation Model is and how students use it to tackle challenging texts?
A Situation Model is a "rich mental representation" that students use to draw on "language skills, relevant background knowledge and ability to infer, readers develop their understanding, which is refined and adjusted as they learn more" (p. 15).
How does a student's belief in their belonging effect their perseverance?
The experience of belongingness is associated with important psychological processes. They have a stronger sense of identity, greater positive attitudes towards school, classwork, teachers, and peers. When they feel they belong, they invest more of themselves into their learning.
What are some problems associated with schools that rely on punitive and exclusionary disciplinary systems?
offending students are discouraged from wanting to be members of the school community
Exclusion from the classroom disrupts a student's academic progress and fuels negative attitudes such as alienation.
Suspension has also been shown to increase the likelihood that a student will repeat a grade or even drop out
What activities should we provide to students so that they may reflect on themselves and their place in society?
Research Projects - students synthesize data and process their own reactions to discipline practices they find
Journaling - Students can reflect on their learning and the connections they make between their experiences and lessons. They can also reflect specifically on conversations and consider what role they played, what was really said, and whether they could've been more involved in the discussion
Class Discussions
Students cannot be expected to do this on their own. Teachers should model what they expect of their class so that students can get the most out of their own critical reflections
Students with dyslexia benefit from instruction that focuses on phonological, orthographic, and morphological word forms. Direct instruction on spelling both improves spelling and phonological awareness and reading skills, which is deeply related to the relation of letters and their sounds.
The two activities overlap with complementary skills. Reading improves a student's quality of writing, while writing about texts improves a student's reading comprehension and fluency.
Examples
Writing Before Reading
Creating Checklists
Writing Short summaries of texts they have read
What are some major issues related to students' experiences of trauma as an outside factor cited for the CTPP
Students in the CTPP have a greater exposure to trauma and that disparity of exposure is often related to system and structural failures to address larger issues like poverty and unemployment.
The more traumatic experiences students have, the more likely they are to have learning and behavioral challenges.
Students with trauma often have a lack of opportunity or support to handle their trauma from both internal and external sources
Aside from Critical Reflective Practices, how else can teachers create better instruction for classroom management?
Teachers should promote student comprehension of rigorous content so that they can create High Student Engagement, particularly in class discussion
Use of Positive Framing and optimistic/enthusiastic presentation of learning tasks to students
Developing a Class Community that acknowledges the local community and wider social context of their students, but also by orienting their physical classroom to encourage student interaction and collaboration.
How should we link meaning to words from the beginning to better students' orthographic mapping and memory?
As instructors, we can make connections between a word's meaning, its pronunciation, and spelling structure and at the text level build students' knowledge. Essentially, orthographic mapping requires direct and systematic integrated instruction.
What Recommendation encourages discussion so that students with low attainability or with disadvantaged backgrounds can showcase what three important frameworks of understanding.
Recommendation 6: Accountability Talk or Opportunities for Structured Talk. Guided and structured discussions benefit all students, especially those with disadvantaged backgrounds, to showcase their Knowledge, Reasoning, and Community within the classroom.
How can we develop Academic Mindsets as part of Classroom Practice