CH 17, 18, 19
What type of hormone can float freely in the blood, but cannot pass through the plasma membrane of a cell?
water soluble
What are the REGIONS of the body that are drained by the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct, respectively.
right lymphatic - right head and neck, upper torso area
thoracic - everything else
how is oxygen transported in the blood
on hemoglobin
Name 1 substance that is freely filtered and made into urine, 1 substance that is filtered but then reabsorbed, and 1 substance that is not filtered at all.
freely- water, toxins, urea
reabsorbed- glucose, salt, water, small proteins
not filtered- large proteins, formed elements
This hormone stimulates red blood cell production
EPO
There is an increase in uterine oxytocin receptors in the third trimester of pregnancy, promoting the contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus.
Is this up or down regulation?
Up
Describe and give 2 examples of the first line of defense for the immune system
External barriers.
skin, mucous, tears, sweat, saliva....
what is the main way CO2 is transported in the blood?
as bicarbonate
HCO3-
describe the MAIN function of the stomach
storage of food/mixing with gastric juices
Why is it advantageous to have a fever?
The high temperature makes it hard for pathogens to reproduce, it stimulates blood flow and tissue repair to an area
What is the most abundant plasma protein and its main function?
albumins - fluid balance
Identify the two types of antimicrobial proteins used in non-specific immune responses and their general function
interferons (IFNs): non-specific defense against any viral infection
IFN will bind to receptors of neighboring cells once it infects a cell
Signals next cells to- Synthesize enzymes to destroy RNA/DNA
Complement: groups of plasma proteins
opsonization
inflammation
cytolysis
elimination of immune complexes
describe the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide during pulmonary gas exchange
oxygen goes from lungs to blood
carbon dioxide goes from blood to lungs
what is the response of the myogenic mechanism in regards to high blood pressure
vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole.. to maintain is the goal of myogenic mechanism
describe the purpose of the muscularis layer of the GI tract
to produce movement by peristalsis and mechanical digestion
Where are the majority of pacemaker cells located? What is their function?
function: coordinate contraction of heart, spontaneous depolarization
Where is blood pressure highest?
Where is speed of blood flow lowest?
Arteries, capillaries, or veins.
BP highest: arteries
Speed slowest: capillaries
Explain how chemoreceptors alter breathing rate and depth
if acidic blood/CSF is detected by CO2 or H+ ions, breathing rate and depth will increase in an attempt to expel waste by breathing
what is the effect that ANP has on GFR and urine output? What is the stimulus for ANP release?
stimulus: high blood pressure
effect: increase GFR, increase urine output
name the 4 of the 6 secretions of the stomach (not the cells)
gastrin, hcl, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, acidic mucin, alkaline mucin
Starting at the left atria, describe the flow of blood through the heart and body, including the lungs.
left atria, left ventricle, aorta, arteries (systemic circulation), capillaries, veins, superior/inferior vena cava, right atria, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, to lungs, and back to left atria
Describe how blood pressure and resistance and related to total blood flow AND give the 3 factors that affect resistance.
blood pressure and TBF have a direct relationship, while resistance and TBF have an indirect relationship. as BP increases, TBF increases, as resistance increases, TBF decreases
Factors: vessel length, vessel diameter, viscosity.
What role does the VRG and DRG have in breathing rate and depth?
VRG is involved in passive breathing when no receptors detect anything that needs to be altered,
DRG detects pH/nutrient changes and tells VRG to increase rate/depth of breath
how does the liver contribute to digestion?
creates bile which digests fats
Define the 3 types of hormone interactions AND give a specific example of 2 of them
permissive - thyroid hormones (think of the cascade of one stimulating the next) OR GnRH stimulating LH or FSH
synergistic - ADH and aldosterone
antagonistic - insulin and glucagon