chemical properties
cations
complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
ribosomes
variation of a character
trait
consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
anabolic pathways
•a series of molecules built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria (or plasma membrane of prokaryotes)
electron transport chain
when a forward and reverse reaction occurs at the same rate
chemical equilibrium
A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division.
•each pair of alleles segregates independently
law of independent assortment
the study of how energy flows through living organisms
bioenergetics
the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
pyruvate oxidation
two atoms of an element with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
isotopes
The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA
mitochondrial matrix
•a family tree that describes inheritance of a trait across generations
pedigree
energy outward proceeds with a net release of free energy to the surroundings
exergonic reaction
pyruvate is converted to ethanol
alcohol fermentation
isotopes that will decay spontaneously giving off particles and energy
radioactive isotopes
The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism. See also endosymbiosis
endosymbiont theory
•heterozygous for a recessive allele
carriers
energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed
1st law of thermodynamics
protein complex embedded in the mitochondrial membrane that produces ATP
ATP synthase
the outermost shell that houses the valence electrons
valence shells
range in diameter from 8 to 12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
intermediate filaments
•two alleles for each heritable character separate during gamete formation
law of segregation
the portion of a systems energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system (as in a living cell)
free energy
carrier protein molecules with heme groups containing an iron atom
cytochromes