Constitutional Changes
This amendment abolished slavery in the United States
13th Amendment
This leader helped organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott after refusing to give up her seat.
Rosa Parks
The 1954 Supreme Court decision that declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional in public education
Brown vs. Board of Education
The year Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated, often marked as a tragic turning point in the movement. Name the year and explain why a turning point.
1968 - caused a divide within the movement; some moving toward violence while some remained peaceful protestors and causing riots
The constitutional amendment that lowered the voting age to 18
26th amendment
This amendment guaranteed citizenship and equal protection under the law to persons born or naturalized in the United States
14th Amendment
He became the most visible leader of the nonviolent civil rights movement and delivered "I Have a Dream" speech.
Martin Luther King Jr.
This 1964 federal law outlawed major forms of discrimination in public place and employment
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Name one southern governor who used state power to resist federal desegregation efforts
George Wallace or Orval Faubus
The 1924 act that extended US citizenship broadly to Native Americans.
American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
This amendment prohibited denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
15th Amendment
This labor leader co-founded the United Farm Workers and worked closely with Cesar Chavez.
Dolores Huerta
The 1965 act that aimed to remove legal barriers at state and local levels preventing African Americans from exercising their right to vote.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Explain one way Jim Crow laws or the Ku Klux Klan suppressed voting or civil rights
literacy tests, poll tax, grandfather clauses, intimidation and violence by KKK
Identify 1 long term political outcome of the civil rights movement related to minority pariticipation
great numbers of minorities elected to local, state and federal offices; increased voter registration and participation among minority groups
This amendment extended voting rights to women nationwide
19th Amendment
This organization sometimes contrasted with Martin Luther King Jr.'s nonviolent approach and was known for community programs and self defense.
Black Panthers
Decision from 1896 that established the "separate but equal" doctrine (later overturned in practice)
Plessy vs. Ferguson
Describe one presidential or congressional action that advanced minority rights
desegregation of the armed forces (executive order President Eisenhower), Civil Rights Act of 1964 (congressional action) Voting Rights Act of 1965 (congressional action)
Explain the role of Sweatt vs. Painter in the fight for equal educational opportunities
Sweatt v. Painter (1950) required that the University of Texas law school admit Herman Sweatt, demonstrating that separate facilities were inherently unequal in professional education and helping lay the groundwork for Brown vs. Board of Education in public education
Name two congressional acts or federal policies intended to create economic or educational opportunities for minorities
Great Society - Head Start, Economic Opportunity Act
Affirmative Action policies, Title IX (education)
Name two leaders (other than MLK) who played major roles in 20th century civil rights movements and briefly state which movement each is most associated with
Thurgood Marshall- NAACP legal strategy, Cesar Chavez - farmworker and labor leader for Chicano rights, Betty Friedan - leader of the modern women's rights movement and author who sparked second-wave feminism
Name and briefly explain a Supreme Court case (other than Brown vs. Board of Education) that expanded protections for minorities or religious groups
Hernandez vs. Texas - extended the 14th amendment protections to Mexican Americans
Wisconsin vs. Yoder - protected religious liberty for Amish families
Sweatt vs. Painter - challenged the "separate but equal" in higher education (college)
Compare and contrast the approaches of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Black Panthers
MLK advocated nonviolent civil disobedience, mass peaceful protests, and appeals to moral conscience and federal law; the Black Panthers emphasized community control, self-defense, and social programs to meet immediate needs, sometimes using armed patrols to monitor police behavior. Both sought empowerment and protection of Black communities but differed in tactics, public image an some political goals.
Evaluate how the civil rights movement influenced later struggles for rights by other groups
The civil rights movement created models of protest, legal strategy and legislation that later activists used - labor and coalition building such as Chicano farmworker organizing, legal challenges (NAACP cases inspiring other minority litigation) and policy gains (affirmative action, Title IX) that benefitted women and other groups. It also changed public expectations about government responsibility for protecting rights and expanded political participation for minorities.