numbers and equations
An adult female is considered anemic if her hemoglobin level is under what value?
12
During inspiration:
a. increased SV, decrease BP, CO and HR
b. increased BP, decreased SV, HR and CO
c. Increased CO, decreased BP, SV and HR
d. Increased HR, decreased SV, CO and BP
D.
Norepinephrine released by sympathetic nerves increases cardiac inotropy by binding primarily to which of the following receptors?
a. alpha adrenoceptor
b. beta 1 adrenoceptor
c. beta 2 adrenoceptor
d. muscarinic type 2 receptor
B.
Calcium bind to __________ in cardiac muscle contraction
Troponin C
Hematocrit is calculated by:
a. (WBC+RBC)/total blood volume
b. (RBC+Platelet)/total blood volume
c. (Plasma+RBC)/total blood volumed.(Plasma+WBC)/total blood volume
B
According to Poisseuille flow is increased when:
A. Pressure decreases
B. Radius increases
C. viscosity increases
D. Length increases.
B
Ventricular preload is increased in response to:
a. Decreased atrial contractility
B. Decreased blood volume
C. decreased ventricular inotropy
D. increased venous compliance.
C. Decreased ventricular inotropy
Which reflex is likely responsible for sinus bradycardia after acute MI
What is Bezold-Jarisch reflex
Responds to increased stretch due to high pressure in the ventricles and induces decreased HR and hypotension
Which of the following is not involved in removing Ca 2+ from cytoplasm
a. PMCA
b. NCX
c. HCN4
d. Na+ K+ ATPase
C.
Diastolic dysfunction may result from increased activity of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) pump
True or false
False
when the left ventricular stroke volume is 40 mL/beat and the heart rate is 80 beats/minute, the cardiac output is:
3.2 liters/min
What are the states of the valves during the state of isovolumetric contraction?
a. Right AV valve and pulmonary valve open; Left AV valve an aortic valve closed
b. All valves open
c. Pulmonary and aortic valves open, R and L AV valves closed
d. All valves closed
Answer is D
Calculation of Cardiac output via dividing the whole body oxygen consumption by the arterial venous oxygen content difference can be done by using the_____
Fick Principle
What are the three ways to increase intracellular [Ca2+], leading to a smooth muscle contraction?
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, located in membrane, release from SR (IP3 pathway), K+ channels cause membrane depolarization -> activates VGCC
Myocardial ischemia cause can arrhythmia due to?
A. Failure of HCN4 channels in Nodal cells
B. Conversion of fast to slow response in working cells.
C. Conversion of slow to fast response in Nodal cells
D. inability to depolarize due to increased extracellular potassium level
B.
The increased level of extracellular potassium cause low RM. this cause fast Na channels to not be able to reset.
What are the oxygen content and saturation of the venous and arterial systems, respectively?
a.60% and 13; 100% and 25
b.75% and 15; 95% and 19
c. 85% and 5; 90% and 12
B
Ventricular repolarization is represented by which wave on the EKG:
a. P wave
b. ST wave
c. QRS wave
d. u wave
c
Increased afterload will lead to:
a. increased LVP, increase LV,
b. decreased LVP, increase LV
c. increase LVP, decrease LV
d. decreased LVP, decreased LV
A.
a. Calmodulin
b. MLCK
c. MLCP
d. Troponin-C
C.
The frank-starling mechanism can help to compensate for systolic dysfunction by causing a preload-dependent increase in contractile force.
True or False
True
What is the role of NO?
vasodilation
increased Pc. Capillary hydrostatic pressure.
In negative feedback
Decreased blood pressure induces what changes to increase BP
increase HR and decrease blood vessel diameter
During dynamic exercise: MAP (higher or lower), HR (higher or lower)
During Static exercise: MAP (higher or lower), HR (higher or lower)
During dynamic exercise: MAP (lower), HR (higher)
During Static exercise: MAP (higher), HR (lower)
Lymphatic edema of the lower limbs due to obstruction of their lymph vessels from inside by filarial worms is called: _______
elephantiasis