Cardiac Outputs & Equations
What does cardiac output represent?
The amount of blood pumped per minute
Which vessel type has the greatest cross-sectional area?
Capillaries
What does the ECG measure?
Electrical activity of the heart
What happens to stroke volume during light to moderate aerobic exercise?
It increases, then plateaus
What is VO₂ max?
Max oxygen the body can use
What are the two determinants of cardiac output?
Heart rate and stroke volume
Where is blood velocity the slowest?
Capillaries
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization
What is steady state?
When energy supply meets demand during exercise
What 3 variables determine VO₂ max?
HR × SV × a-vO₂ diff
What equation relates MAP, Q, and TPR?
MAP = Q × TPR
Where is blood pressure highest?
Aorta/arteries
What does the QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization
What is cardiovascular drift?
Changes in HR/SV during prolonged exercise
What happens to cardiac output during exercise?
It increases
What equation is used to measure cardiac output using oxygen?
Fick equation
What happens to pressure as blood moves through the system?
It decreases
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization
What happens to systolic blood pressure during exercise?
It increases
Where is most blood directed during heavy exercise?
Skeletal Muscle
What is the Fick equation
Q = VO₂ / (a-vO₂ diff)
Why is velocity lowest in capillaries?
Large cross-sectional area slows flow
What does ST segment depression indicate?
Myocardial ischemia
What happens to total peripheral resistance during aerobic exercise?
It decreases
What limits VO₂ max?
Cardiovascular + muscular factors