Vessel Basics
This vessel moves blood at a high pressure away from the heart and with its elastic recoil, propels blood throughout systole and diastole.
What is the aorta?
This is a measure of the "thickness" of blood.
What is viscosity?
This is the difference between the SBP and DBP.
What is the pulse pressure?
This is the return of blood to the heart by the veins.
What is venous return (VR)?
This atrio-ventricular valve inserts closer to the ventricular apex
The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal state that persists despite changes in the outside environment.
What is homeostasis?
This reflex provides rapid short term control over BP.
What is the Baroreceptor reflex?
This is the part of the cardiac cycle when most of the perfusion of the coronaries occurs.
What is diastole?
These vessels are the primary resistance vessels that regulate arterial blood pressure and blood flow within organs.
What are arterioles?
Out of the following: vessel length, vessel radius, and blood viscosity, this one has the greatest influence determining resistant to flow in a vessel.
What is vessel radius?
This is the average blood pressure over time.
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
This is the normal value for CVP.
What is 0mmHg?
This is the portion of the aorta from which coronary arteries arise (originate).
What is the aortic sinus/sinus of Valsalva (RT and LFT coronary sinuses)
A cycle of events in which a body condition (such as body temperature) is continually monitored and adjusted to be within specific limits
What is a feedback loop?
These are specialized cells on the arteries and within the medulla that monitor levels of O2, CO2 and pH.
What are chemoreceptors?
The mechanisms responsible for local regulation are tissue factors, smooth muscle mechanisms, mechanical factors, and this.
What are endothelial factors?
These vessels help maintain fluid balance by absorbing small proteins lost in the interstitial spaces and returning them to the circulation.
What are lymphatic vessels?
This is what happens to flow during vasoconstriction.
What is decreased flow?
These are the three factors determining MAP.
What are CO, SVR, and CVP?
Both the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory activity have this effect on venous return.
What is increased VR?
This value is the approximate resting membrane potential of a cardiac myocyte (in the atria and ventricles)
What is -90mV
Bringing the variable (i.e. temperature) back to within the normal limits of its set point range, towards an ideal normal value describes this type of feedback loop.
What is a negative feedback loop?
This is floating around in the blood stream waiting to react with Renin to form Angiotensin 1.
What is angiotensinogen?
This is how coronary blood flow is primarily regulated.
What are changes in tissue metabolism?
These are the smallest vessels in the circulation but have the greatest surface area for exchange.
What are capillaries?
This is what happens to resistance during vasodilation.
What is decreased resistance?
___________ = DBP + 1/3PP
What is MAP?
These structures are present in veins (especially in the lower extremities) to facilitate the return of blood flow towards the heart.
What are one-way valves?
This heart sound, when heard is always pathological and will not be present in a patient with atrial fibrillation.
What is an S4?
A produces more B, which produces more A describes this type of feedback loop.
What is a positive feedback loop?
This hormone will decrease blood volume and blood pressure and is the counter-regulatory hormone for the RAAS.
What is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
What is 60mmHg?
This is the inner most layer of the blood vessel.
What is the tunica intima? (or what is the endothelial layer?)
This is the equation/law that we use to determine flow in a tube or vessel.
What is Poiseuille's Law?
These are the two determinants of pulse pressure (PP).
What are ventricular stroke volume and compliance of the aorta?
This is what happens to venous return during the Valsalva maneuver.
What is decreased venous return?
What is increased afterload?
These nerves sense changes and communicate changes to the brain.
What are afferent nerves?
The kidney's release Renin in response to SNS stimulation, hypotension, and this.
What is reduced sodium delivery?
The two main mechanisms in renal autoregulation are tubuloglomerular feedback and this.
What is myogenic?