Living Things
What are the four needs of living things?
Food, water, living space, and stable internal conditions
What is the nucleus?
The "brain of the cell": it contains the genetic material (DNA).
What is diffusion?
A passive process which doesn't require energy in which substances naturally spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
The first living organisms on ancient Earth were unicellular and did not need oxygen to survive. They likely resembled the ____ we know today.
Archaea that live in extreme conditions like polar ice caps or hot springs.
_______ store genetic information, ensuring that cells can replicate and function properly.
Nucleic Acids
Name the 6 characteristics of living things.
Cellular organization, composed of chemicals, use energy, respond to stimuli, growth and development, and reproduction.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
They convert light energy into sugars (glucose) that can be used by cells. (Only found in plant cells!)
Why is it important for the cell to be "selectively permeable?"
Who looked at cork under a microscope and discovered cells, naming them for the box-like structure he saw?
Robert Hooke
_______ like glucose provide energy for cellular activities.
Carbohydrates
What is the difference between growth and development?
Growth is becoming larger in size. Development is a process of change that creates a more complex organism.
What are the "protein builders" of cells?
Ribosomes
What is active transport?
Active transport is the opposite of diffusion. It requires ATP energy because it is moving substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. It is working against the natural flow of diffusion.
Name all of the scientists who contributed to cell theory.
Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow
Define cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is the process by which the mitochondria of a cell takes oxygen and glucose and produces ATP energy, carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in all living cells.
What chemicals make up cells (and all living things)?
Most abundant chemical is water.
Carbohydrates are cell’s main energy source.
Proteins and lipids are building blocks of cells.
Nucleic acids are the cell’s genetic material.
Explain the differences between plant and animal cells.
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts while animal cells do not.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is a form of passive transport in which water moves through a semipermeable membrane (cell membrane for example) to balance the amount of water, salt, or sugar inside and outside of the cell. They move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It helps the cell stay hydrated and keep the right balance of fluids inside and outside the cell.
Who discovered that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, and why was that so important?
Rudolf Virchow discovered that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, and it debunked the long-standing idea that life could spontaneously arise from non-living matter.
Explain the steps of photosynthesis.
Plants take in sunlight using chlorophyll. They take in carbon dioxide in the air through their stomata and water through their roots. With these ingredients, plants make glucose (which is their food) and release oxygen into the air.
Give an example of homeostasis.
Any example in which an organism is maintaining stable internal conditions is acceptable.
Common example - sweating to cool you down when hot.
In which organelle does the cell create ATP energy during cellular respiration?
The mitochondria AKA the powerhouse of the cell!
Name the parts of the cell cycle in order, explain what happens during the cell cycle, and why it is important.
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis.
The cell cycle is the process by which cells divide by copying genetic material, cell parts, and organelles, and then splitting into two identical daughter cells.
Cells divide via the cell cycle in order for an organism to grow, develop, repair injuries, & to replace dead or worn-out cells.
What are the three parts of cell theory?
1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What are the building blocks of cell structures and functions?
Proteins and amino acids