Behavioral Theories
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior.
Master clue: Remove something bad → behavior increases.
Who developed the CAPS model?
Walter Mischel.
Master clue: CAPS = Mischel.
What is the actualizing tendency?
The natural drive to grow, develop, and reach one’s potential.
Master clue: Natural drive to grow.
Does biology fully determine personality?
No. Biology interacts with experience, learning, and culture.
Master clue: Biology interacts with environment.
What is Cattell’s main focus?
Measuring traits scientifically to predict behavior.
Master clue: Measure traits → predict behavior.
What is extinction?
Weakening of behavior when reinforcement stops.
Master clue: No reinforcement → behavior fades.
What does CAPS stand for?
Cognitive Affective Personality System.
Master clue: Cognitive + affective + personality system.
What is the real self?
The person one truly is.
Master clue: Who you actually are.
What is inhibited temperament?
Shy, cautious, fearful, and slow to approach new situations.
Master clue: Cautious around new situations.
What is Q-data?
Questionnaire or self-report data.
Master clue: Q = questionnaire.
What is generalization?
Applying a learned response to similar situations.
Master clue: Same learned response in similar situations.
What are cognitive-affective units?
Mental and emotional person variables that help explain behavior.
Master clue: Thoughts + emotions influence behavior.
What is the ideal self?
The person one thinks they should be or wants to be.
Master clue: Who you want to become.
What is uninhibited temperament?
Outgoing, curious, and comfortable approaching new situations.
Master clue: Comfortable with new situations.
What is T-data?
Objective test data.
Master clue: T = test.
What is discrimination?
Learning to respond differently to different stimuli.
Master clue: Different situations → different responses.
What is vicarious experience?
Learning by watching someone else succeed or fail.
Master clue: Learn from someone else's experience.
What is incongruence?
Conflict between the real self and the ideal self.
Master clue: Real self ≠ ideal self.
What is BAS?
Behavioral Activation System, which responds to rewards and approach behavior.
Master clue: BAS = rewards and approach.
What is L-data?
Life record data.
Master clue: L = life record.
What are Dollard and Miller’s four learning concepts?
Drive, cue, response, and reward.
Master clue: Drive → cue → response → reward.
What are Bandura’s four learning processes?
Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.
Master clue: Watch it → remember it → do it → want to do it.
What are the three pillars of positive psychology?
Positive subjective experience, positive traits, and positive institutions.
Master clue: Experiences + traits + institutions.
What is BIS?
Behavioral Inhibition System, which responds to punishment, anxiety, and avoidance.
Master clue: BIS = punishment, anxiety, avoidance.
What is fluid intelligence?
Innate ability to learn and solve new problems.
Master clue: New problems = fluid intelligence.