Genetic Crosses
Define Codominance.
Both alleles are seen at the same time (#4)
Define adaptation.
An adaptation is a trait of an organism that makes it more fit for survival (#13)
In what kinds of cells does cellular respiration happen?
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (#35)
Where do animals get most of their nitrogen?
by consuming plants and/or other animals (#61)
What is a pioneer species?
The first species to colonize an area after a disruption in the ecosystem
Ex: lichen, moss, grasses
(#56)
Define Incomplete Dominance
Two alleles blend together to make a new phenotype, ex: pink flowers (#3)
Does natural selection produce changes in POPULATIONS or INDIVIDUALS? Why?
Natural selection produces changes in POPULATIONS! Individuals do not change; they are simply better fit for an environment than others.(#15)
In what kinds of cells does photosynthesis happen?
plants, algae, some bacteria (#36)
How does increased use of fossil fuels impact the carbon cycle?
Releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. When there is too much carbon dioxide, which traps heat in the atmosphere and leads to global warming (#59)
Define Primary Succession.
Primary begins in a place WITHOUT any soil. Pioneer species = moss/lichen.
Ex. Volcanoes, Retreating glaciers. (#55)
Tall is dominant to short. Cross a tall plant (TT) and a short plant (tt). Determine the genotype ratio.
1. Assign letters
- Dominant = capital
- Recessive = lowercase
2. Determine P generation (the parents)
- Alleles from same gene stay together
- Capital in front of lowercase
3. Place gametes along left side and top
4. Fill in the squares
5. Determine ratios
Tt = 100%
(#1)
What is natural selection?
- Natural selection is the survival of favorable traits and the loss of unfavorable traits for a particular environment
- Those with traits that fit the environment survive and reproduce to pass down those favorable traits (survival of the fittest) (#14)
Photosynthesis converts ___ energy to ___ energy.
Photosynthesis converts light/solar energy to chemical energy (glucose). (#37)
What are the environmental consequences of disrupting the nitrogen cycle?
water pollution, air pollution, acid rain, greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems
Define secondary succession.
Secondary begins in a place that already has soil. Occurs faster. Pioneer species = grasses/shrubs
Ex. Forest fires, Tornadoes, Deforestation (#55)
In snapdragons, color is an example of incomplete dominance. Red is dominant to white. Show a cross between Rr X Rr and list the phenotype ratios of the offspring.
RR(Red) 1 : Rr(Pink) 2: rr(White) 1
(#3)
What are the different mechanisms of evolution?
Natural Selection, Gene Flow, Mutations, Non-Random Mating, Genetic Drift
Write the equation for photosynthesis in words AND chemical formula.
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy ---> Glucose + Oxygen (#38)
6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Name processes or events that add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
- cellular respiration
- burning fossil fuels
- forest fires
- volcanic eruptions
(#60)
What are the stages in secondary succession?
soil→ grasses / shrubs→ trees→ animals→ climax community (#58)
Round is dominant to wrinkled. Yellow is dominant to green. Cross a plant with homozygous round, homozygous yellow seeds with a plant that has homozygous wrinkled, homozygous green seeds. What is the probability of round and yellow offspring?
1. Assign letters
- Dominant = capital
- Recessive = lowercase
2. Determine P generation (the parents)
- Alleles from same gene stay together
- Capital in front of lowercase
3. FOIL method to get gametes
4. Place gametes along left side and top
5. Fill in the squares
6. Determine ratios
round and yellow = 100%
(#2)
Why is genetic variation important?
Makes the population more resilient to changes in the environment because there is a higher probability that some individuals will be adapted to the environment (#16)
Describe the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
they are complete opposites, the products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration and vice versa (#40)
How does bacteria play a role in the Nitrogen Cycle?
They perform nitrogen fixation, converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, and then convert ammonia to nitrites and nitrates through nitrification.
What are the stages in primary succession?
no soil→ moss or lichen→ soil→ grasses / shrubs→ trees→ animals→ climax community (#57)