Reactor Design & Operation
Benefits of a beams "down" design
What is lower risk of catalyst migration and faster unloading times?
Temperature used to track catalyst deactivation that represents the average kinetic rate in the reactor
What is Weighted Average Bed Temperature (WABT)?
Can occurs when metal temperatures are low and the equipment pressure is increased above its minimum pressurization temperature
What is brittle fracture?
This loading method results in a lower weight of catalyst in the reactor and less pressure drop on oil.
What is sock loading?
This corrosion mechanism causes blisters and bubbles that weaken steel.
What is High Temperature H2 Attack?
75F-125F or 42-69C temperature rise
What is the maximum recommended exotherm during normal operations?
A very toxic compound that can be formed during shutdown when CO is present
What is Nickel Carbonyl
Recommended amount of catalyst contingency to account for variations in loading density?
What is 5-10%?
The corrosion mechanism causes uniform flaking in high temperature equipment
What is Sulfidation?
Good radial temperature performance guidelines
What is Inlet raidal spread < 5F or 3C and outlet radial spread < 10F or 6C
Best temperature profile for catalyst stability and product quality
What is a flat reactor temperature profile?
What is an emergency depressure?
Catalyst high activity state which is typically, not the state it is transported in.
What is Active Sulfide State?
Formed in the lower temperature, vapor section of the separator and fractionation train that can be corrosive when wet.
What are ammonia salts?
Upgrading this equipment results in a 20-33% runlength improvement
What is the distributor tray?
Recommended ratio for treat gas to oil
What is a Treat Gas ratio of 3-4 times H2 consumption?
These feeds should be removed a few days before a shutdown
What are bio feeds or benzene containing feeds?
Maximum oxygen content allowed before switching to H2. Local requirements may be lower.
What is 2%?
Temperature, H2O (humidity), H2S and H2 partial pressures, chloride levels and NH3 levels
What are common process factors impacting corrosion?