Macromolecules
VS.
Cells
Key Terms
Organelles
100
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
( identify or draw image of each)
100
Monomers vs. Polymers
1. Subunits of larger molecules
- simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides
2. Polymers: consist of multiple monomers
100
Limits to size
1. Cell size is limited by a physical relationship called surface-to-volume ration
a. when a cell expands in diameter, its volume increases faster than its surface area
- long + skinny: greater surface area, lower volume
- short + wide: greater surface volume, lower surface area
- greater the size of the cell, the less surface volume
100
ATP
1. Adenosine Triphosphate
- a molecule which stores and transfers energy in cells
- example of a nucleic acid
- produced by the mitochondria
100
Plant Cell
1. Cytoskeleton: Provides structure and support
- microtubules
- micro filaments
- intermediate filaments
2. Mitochondrion: double-membraned organelles which produce ATP by aerobic respiration
3. Plasmodesmata: channel by which molecules may enter and leave the cell
4. Plasma membrane: barrier that determines what enters or leaves the cell and facilitates waste removal/ nutrient transportation
5. Chloroplasts: specialized plastids for photosynthesis in some protists and plant cells
6. Lysosome Lik-E Vesicle: contains enzymes designed to break down waste, worn out cells, and foreign materials
7. Golgi Body: modifies and packages proteins before giving to vesicles
8. Smooth ER
9. Rough ER
10. Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Nuclear Envelope
11. Ribosomes
12. Central Vacuole
13. Cell Wall
Extra: DNA in nuceloplasm
200
Monomers and Polymers
1. Carbohydrates: The stuff of life
a. Monomer: simple sugars and starches
b. Polymers: complex sugar (Ex: glucose)
2. Lipids: fatty, oily, or waxy organic compounds
a. Monomer: glycerol heads or fatty acid tails
b. Polymers: fats, oils, waxes (Ex: steroids)
3. Proteins: (Ex: insulin)
a. Monomer: amino acid
b. Polymers: proteins
4. Nucleic acids
a. Monomer: nucelotide
b. Polymers: DNA, RNA, ATP
200
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
1. Have only single bonds linking the carbon in their tails
- flexible + wiggle freely
- straight
- solid at room temperature (Ex: animal fat)
2. Have some double bonds linking carbon in their tails
- limited flexibility
- un-straight
- un-solid at room temperature (Ex: avocado oil)
200
Cell types + differences
1. Plant, animal, and Prokaryotic (Bacterial)
Similarities:
- plasma membrane
- cytoplasm
- DNA
- Plant and animal are both eukaryotic
Differences
- Plants have a larger "central vacuole"
- Bacteria lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
- Plant cells have chloro or Chromoplasts used in photosynthesis
- Animal cells have lysosomes
200
Denature
Unraveling of a bond
- May happen to proteins
- Capable of interrupting homeostasis
200
Animal Cell + draw example
1. Cytoskeleton: network of interconnected protein filaments which supports and organizes the cell
- microtubules
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
2. Mitochondrion: double-membraned organelles that produce ATP
3. Centrioles: barrel shaped organelle from which the microtubules growth (helps provide structure)
4. Plasma Membrane: Acts as a barrier deciding what can enter or leave the cell
5. Lysosome: breaks down cellular waste or disease
6. Golgi apparatus: modifies proteins, and packages finished products into vesicles to be transported to other parts of the cell
7. Smooth ER: breaks down toxic substances and produces lipids
8. Rough ER: where proteins are synthesized by Ribosomes on the surface
9. Ribosomes: assembles polypeptides/ synthesize proteins
10. Nucleus: Protects DNA from the metabolic processes of the cell
- nuclear envelope: provides barrier between DNA in the nucleus (decides what goes in and out)
- nucleolus: dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosome subunits are produced
Extra: DNA in nucleus
300
Main Functions
Carbohydrates: Provide energy for the body
Proteins: Act as the building blocks of our bodies providing structural support for cells and tissues, allowing for chemical reactions in enzymes, transporting molecules, and aiding in cell repair and growth
Lipids: To store energy for the body and provide structure to cell membranes
Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information
300
Organic vs. Inorganic (atoms associated)
1. Molecules that have carbon and are organized as rings or chains
- Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
2. Simpler in structure and generally lacking carbon-hydrogen bonds
- Metals (sodium, calcium, ion), non-metals (oxygen, sulfur, chlorine), and hydrogen
300
Prokaryotic Cell (Bacterial) + draw example
1. Pilus (protein filaments): project from the surface
- long, slender cellular structures (flagella) are used for motion
2. Capsule: Protects the cell's internal structures, allows for growth of biofilm, and provides continued moisture for adhesion to occur
3. Cell Wall: provides structure and protection
4. Plasma Membrane: Protects the cell and decides which substances may pass in and out
5. Cytoplasm with Ribosomes: where proteins synthesis occurs
6. Bacterial Flagellum: provides mobility or propulsion
Extra: DNA in nucleoid (non-organelle)
400
Carbon + how many bonds it forms
1. The stuff of life
- building blocks of life
- composes macromolecules which are essential to our survival
2. Carbon can form four chemical bonds
400
Condensation vs. Hydrolyosis
1. Chemical reactions in which an enzyme builds a large molecule forms smaller pieces
- process through which water is formed
- dehydration synthesis
- Builds a larger molecule by removing water
2. Chemical reactions in which an enzyme uses water to break a molecule into smaller subunits
- breaks down a larger molecule by adding water
500
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Similarities:
- having a cell membrane (plasma membrane)
-containing DNA as their genetic material
-possessing ribosomes for protein synthesis
-containing cytoplasm where cellular processes occur
Differences
- prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus,
- eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus containing their DNA, along with other membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryote examples: Bacteria, Archaea, Cyanobacteria
Eukaryote examples: humans, animals, plants, fungi, algae, protozoa
500
DNA vs. RNA
1. deoxyribonucleic acid
- consists of two chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix; holds information for building a new cell
2. ribonucleic acid
- single-stranded chain of nucleotides; important for protein synthesis